Linking parental monitoring and psychological control with internalizing symptoms in early adolescence: the moderating role of vagal tone
Abstract
The present study investigated baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as moderator of the prospective association between parenting (i.e., monitoring knowledge, psychological control) and internalizing symptoms among typically developing adolescents across the transition to middle school. Gender differences in the aforementioned association were tested as an exploratory aim. At Time 1 (5 th grade), participants included 100 young adolescents (53% boys; 57% European American; Mage = 11.05 years, SD = 0.33) and their mothers (Mage = 41.25 years, SD = 6.22; 96.0% biological). At Time 2 (6 th grade), 89 adolescents and their mothers returned. To address study aims, a multi-informant, multi-method, longitudinal design was used. At Time 1, mothers reported on monitoring knowledge and psychological control, and adolescents' baseline RSA was measured during a resting baseline period. At Times 1 and 2, adolescents reported on three indices of internalizing symptoms (depressive symptoms, social anxiety, loneliness and social dissatisfaction). Results from multiple regression analyses revealed that higher levels of psychological control predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms and loneliness over time. Further, among boys, lower baseline RSA exacerbated the link between maternal psychological control and higher levels of depressive symptoms and loneliness, whereas higher baseline RSA attenuated the effect. Overall, our findings for boys were consistent with prior evidence of…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
No relationship between anxiety and controlling parenting.
“No relationship between anxiety and controlling parenting.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Cai and Tu (2020)
Higher levels of controlling parenting at T1 predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at T2.
“Higher levels of controlling parenting at T1 predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at T2.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Cai and Tu (2020)
One of the 12 studies did not find a direct effect of controlling parenting on increased anxiety.
“whilst 1 did not (Cai and Tu, 2020).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Cai and Tu, 2020
The only study that focused solely on maternal control and the outcome of anxiety did not find a relationship between the two variables.
“The only study that focused solely on maternal control and the outcome of anxiety did not find a relationship between the two variables (Cai and Tu, 2020).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Cai and Tu, 2020
Of the longitudinal studies, 2 found no relationship between parenting style and anxiety.
“Of the longitudinal studies 2 of them found no relationship with anxiety”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Cai and Tu, 2020
Of the longitudinal studies, 2 found a relationship between parenting style and depression.
“but did detect a relationship between parenting style and depression (Cai and Tu, 2020; Basili et al., 2021)”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Cai and Tu, 2020
Cai and Tu (2020) only tested adolescent boys and their mothers, so their findings cannot be seen in context to family dynamic as a whole.
“Cai and Tu (2020) only tested adolescent boys and their mothers, thus, their findings cannot be seen in context to family dynamic as a whole.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Cai and Tu, 2020
Cites
Porges, S. W. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009 · Cited by 3,415 · see citing works
Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0017376 · Cited by 3,039 · see citing works
Parental Monitoring: A Reinterpretation
Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00210 · Cited by 2,358 · see citing works
Social Anxiety among Adolescents: Linkages with Peer Relations and Friendships
La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022684520514 · Cited by 1,656 · see citing works
Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture
Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.2.218 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9310-8 · Cited by 1,358 · see citing works
Children's loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status.
Asher, S. R., & Wheeler, V. A. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.4.500 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.017 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L., Young, J. F., Abela, J. R. Z., Smolen, A., Jenness, J. L., Gulley, L. D., Technow, J. R., Gottlieb, A. B., Cohen, J. R., & Oppenheimer, C. W. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000089 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Cardiac vagal control and children's adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis
Graziano, P., & Derefinko, K. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.011 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Koenig, J., Kemp, A. H., Beauchaine, T. P., Thayer, J. F., & Kaess, M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.013 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Eisenberg, N., Sulik, M. J., Spinrad, T. L., Edwards, A., Eggum, N. D., Liew, J., Sallquist, J., Popp, T. K., Smith, C. L., & Hart, D. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026518 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression
Vigdal, J. S., & Brønnick, K. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872981 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…between parental control and anxiety (Silove et al., 1991; Luis et al., 2008; Reitman and Asseff, 2010; Inguglia et al., 2016; Goger et al., 2020; Klein et al., 2020; Kullberg et al., 2020, 2021; Levitt et al., 2020; Rogers et al., 2020; Basili et al., 2021), whilst 1 did not (Cai and Tu, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialHastings, P. D., Ugarte, E., Mashash, M., Marceau, K., Natsuaki, M. N., Shirtcliff, E. A., Zahn‐Waxler, C., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23183 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cai, T., & Tu, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tu, Kelly M.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2020-03-13
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 809-821
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W3011239904
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (ILLU-793-344)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- parental supervision, psychological control, internalizing problems, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, vagal tone, depressive symptoms, loneliness, social anxiety, gender differences, early adolescence, middle school transition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Emotions, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Parenting, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
