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Cited by 1,358Crime Patterns and InterventionsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychosocial Factors Impacting Youth

The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis

Open access
Hoeve, Machteld, Dubas, Judith Semon, Eichelsheim, Veroni I., van der Laan, Peter H., Smeenk, Wilma, Gerris, Jan R. M.·2009·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
DOI 10.1007/s10802-009-9310-8PMC PMC2708328
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Abstract

This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whether the association between parenting and delinquency exists and what the magnitude of this linkage is. The strongest links were found for parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects of support such as rejection and hostility, accounting for up to 11% of the variance in delinquency. Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type, indicating that some parenting behaviors are more important for particular contexts or subsamples. Although both dimensions of warmth and support seem to be important, surprisingly very few studies focused on parenting styles. Furthermore, fewer than 20% of the studies focused on parenting behavior of fathers, despite the fact that the effect of poor support by fathers was larger than poor maternal support, particularly for sons. Implications for theory and parenting are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10802-009-9310-8

Cites

269 of 269 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 36 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    The parenting-delinquency link was stronger in school-age children and early adolescents than in older adolescents.

    “The relationship between general parenting and delinquency was found to be stronger in younger adolescents and school age children than for older adolescents.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
      “In addition, the parenting–delinquency link was stronger in school age children and early adolescents than in older adolescents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The strongest parenting associations explained up to 11% of the variance in delinquency.

    “accounting for up to 11% of the variance in delinquency”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Within authoritative, authoritarian, and psychological control, mean effect sizes for discrete parenting behaviors were relatively similar.

    “Within the remaining parenting dimensions (i.e., authoritative, authoritarian and psychological control), mean effect sizes of discrete parenting behaviors were relatively similar (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The difference in effect size between support and control dimensions was not significant (Q(1)=0.03, p>0.10).

    “differences in effect sizes between support and control dimensions and between behavioral and psychological control were nonsignificant (Q(1) = 0.03, p > 0.10 for support versus control; Q(1) = 1.0, p > 0.10 for behavioral vs. psychological control).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Permissiveness had a significant but small association with delinquency (ESr=0.09, p<0.05, k=10).

    “a significant but small link between permissiveness and delinquency was found (ESr = 0.09, p < 0.05, k = 10)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 41
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fail-safe numbers ranged from 534 to 34,771 and surpassed the critical value.

    “Fail safe numbers (p = 0.05) ranged from 534 to 34,771 and exceeded the critical value.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The meta-analysis covered 161 manuscripts that contained 119 independent studies.

    “Table 1 presents a description of the 161 manuscripts, containing 119 independent studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All mean effect sizes for parenting dimensions (support and control forms) with delinquency were significant; the smallest was .12 for authoritative and authoritarian control, and the largest was 0.23 for psychological control.

    “Parenting Dimensions Mean effect sizes for associations between parenting dimensions (support and various forms of control) and delinquency were all significant and ranged in strength from.12 for authoritative and authoritarian control to 0.23 for psychological control (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Within authoritative control, mean effect sizes for rewarding and inductive parenting were similar and ranged from -0.11 to -0.13.

    “Mean effect sizes within authoritative control such as of rewarding and inductive parenting were relatively similar in strength and ranged from −0.11 to −0.13 (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    General control was significantly associated with delinquency and had a relatively large effect size (ESr=-0.21).

    “general control, referring to variables that combine various aspects of discipline into one construct, was significantly related to delinquency and had a relatively high effect size (ESr = −0.21).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Support, authoritative control, authoritarian control, and behavioral control had small-to-moderate significant associations with delinquency.

    “The remaining parenting dimensions, support, and authoritative, authoritarian and behavioral control, have small to moderate significant associations with delinquency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The meta-analysis found that effect sizes were moderated by parent gender, child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type.

    “Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The authors identified 432 distinct parenting variables across the 161 studies.

    “In total 432 different parenting variables were identified across the 161 studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Only Avenevoli and colleagues' study examined all four parenting styles in relation to delinquency, including neglectful parenting, with r=-0.20 for intact families and r=-0.17 for single-parent families.

    “Only the study by Avenevoli and colleagues (1999) analyzed all four parenting styles in relation to delinquency, including neglectful parenting (r = −0.20 for intact families and r = −0.17 for single-parent families).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Avenevoli et al. 1999

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    No outlying effect sizes were detected using standardized z-values beyond ±3.29.

    “No outliers were identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Psychological control and overprotection each had moderate effect sizes (ESr=0.21, p<0.001, k=13 and k=7, respectively).

    “Moderate effect sizes were found for psychological control (ESr = 0.21, p < 0.001, k = 13) and overprotection (ESr = 0.21, p < 0.001, k = 7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Poor support from fathers had a larger effect on delinquency than poor support from mothers, especially for sons.

    “the effect of poor support by fathers was larger than poor maternal support, particularly for sons”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The time-interval and design moderators were nonsignificant, indicating that the parenting-delinquency link was similar in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.

    “The moderators time interval between the measurements and design were nonsignificant, indicating that the parenting–delinquency link was relatively similar in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Age had significant effects in cross-sectional studies on general parenting, indicating that correlates are not the same at all ages.

    “In the present meta-analysis significant effects of age were found in cross-sectional studies on general parenting, indicating that correlates are not the same at all ages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Psychological control was at least as important as behavioral control for delinquency, contrary to Barber et al.'s finding.

    “However, contrary to the finding of Barber et al. (1994) that behavioral control rather than psychological control is responsible for increased levels of delinquency, we found that psychological control is as least as important as behavioral control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Barber et al. (1994) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Child disclosure and poor parental monitoring had relatively similar effect sizes, contrary to the authors' expectation.

    “Therefore, we expected that the link between child disclosure and delinquency would be stronger than the link between poor parental monitoring and delinquency, however, the present meta-analysis revealed relatively similar effect sizes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Communication (ESr = −0.07), permissiveness (ESr = 0.09), and physical punishment (ESr = 0.10) had the smallest effect sizes.

    “The smallest effect sizes were found for communication (ESr = −0.07), permissiveness (ESr = 0.09), and physical punishment (ESr = 0.10).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Delinquency source was not associated with effect size, indicating no significant difference between self-reported and official delinquency studies.

    “The source of delinquency was not associated with effect size, indicating that no significant differences were found between studies using self-reported delinquency and studies relying on official delinquency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All parenting dimensions had significant links with delinquency, but the strength of the link varied by dimension.

    “We found significant links between all parenting dimensions and delinquency but the magnitude of the relation depended on the particular parenting dimension.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most studies focused on adolescents, even though many models emphasize parenting during childhood.

    “Most studies were focused on adolescents despite the fact that many models emphasize the role of parenting during childhood (e.g., Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990; Moffitt and Caspi 2001; Sampson and Laub 1993).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990 source
    • cites Moffitt and Caspi 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Sampson and Laub 1993 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The smallest effect sizes were for communication (ESr=-0.07), permissiveness (ESr=0.09), and physical punishment (ESr=0.10).

    “The smallest effect sizes were found for communication (ESr = −0.07), permissiveness (ESr = 0.09), and physical punishment (ESr = 0.10).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Publication status and the number of parenting items did not moderate the effect size.

    “Publication status and number of parenting items did not moderate the effect size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Impact factor significantly moderated the link for authoritative control and general control; studies in higher-impact journals reported smaller effects than those in lower-impact journals.

    “Impact factor was significant in two parenting dimensions: authoritative control (z = −1.90, p < 0.06, k = 12) and general control (z = −2.28, p < 0.05, k = 10).”
    • Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses · plain
      “Studies published in journals with a high impact factor reported smaller effect sizes than studies in low impact journals (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most studies relied on child reports (69% in this meta-analysis), and only 3% used observed parent-child interactions.

    “These findings are important as the majority of studies rely on reports of children instead of parents (69% in the present meta-analysis) and only 3% of studies actually used observed parent–child interactions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Psychological control had the strongest link to delinquency (ESr = 0.23), while authoritative and authoritarian control had the weakest links (ESr = 0.12).

    “The strongest links were found for psychological control (ESr = 0.23) and the weakest links were found for authoritative and authoritarian control (ESr = 0.12).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Effect sizes in each parenting dimension, general parenting, and indirect parenting category all had significant within-group variability.

    “Because the effect sizes in each of the parenting dimensions, general parenting and indirect parenting categories all had significant within-group variability (Table 2), moderator analyses were conducted for all broader parenting categories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sex of children and parents, age, delinquency type, and informant on parenting were significant moderators.

    “Important study characteristics including sex of children and parents, age of the participants, delinquency type, and informant on parenting were significant moderators, indicating that some parenting dimensions are more crucial in particular situations or for particular subsamples.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results did not indicate a file drawer problem, and the effect sizes' significance levels can be considered robust.

    “Possible file drawer problems were therefore not indicated and the significance levels of the effect sizes can be considered robust.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The present meta-analysis analyzed publication status and four other quality indicators: questionnaire reliability, sample size, number of informants, and journal impact factor.

    “we noted and analyzed the effects of publication status (i.e., published or not) and four other quality indicators: reliability of questionnaires (0.39–0.96), sample size (35–6,751), number of informants (1–5), and impact factor of the publication (0.157–10.519).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The quality of unpublished studies is questionable because they have not undergone peer review.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Prior scholarship treats the support dimension as unidimensional.

    “Given that scholars consider the support dimension as unidimensional (e.g., Ten Haaf et al. 1994)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ten Haaf et al. 1994

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    By Cohen's criteria, the correlations of psychological control and general control with delinquency are moderate.

    “According to the criteria of Cohen (1988) for small, moderate and large effect sizes (r = 0.10, r = 0.24, and r = 0.37 respectively), the correlation between psychological control and general control, and delinquency are moderate in size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cohen (1988)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Studies vary considerably in sample characteristics and measurement instruments, and these factors may affect the strength of the parenting-delinquency link.

    “Studies differ considerably with regard to characteristics of the sample and measurement instruments, and these factors may influence the magnitude of the link between parenting and delinquency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    Inconsistencies in the literature make a narrative review difficult to summarize.

    “Moreover, the inconsistencies in the literature make it difficult to summarize the results in a narrative review.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wells and Rankin (1988) source
    • cites Wright et al. (2000) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies on sex differences in the link between family factors and delinquency are scarce and have contradictory findings.

    “Studies on sex-differences in the link between family factors and delinquency are scarce and their findings are contradictory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Nye 1958

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Hay 2003 source
    • cites Hubbard and Pratt 2002 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The coding scheme's reliability was assessed by having two educational sciences students independently code 100 randomly selected parenting variables.

    “Reliability of the coding scheme was checked by having 100 randomly selected parenting variables coded by two educational sciences students.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The meta-analysis used four selection criteria: operationalization of delinquency and parenting, Western samples only, and reported bivariate associations between parenting and delinquency.

    “Four selection criteria were used to select studies: operationalization of delinquency and parenting (described in more detail below), investigations on Western samples only (given cultural differences in parenting), and investigations where bivariate associations between parenting and delinquency were reported”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Because few studies examined parenting styles and delinquency, no definite conclusion can be drawn about whether parenting styles link more strongly to delinquency than parenting dimensions or which style links most strongly.

    “Thus, given the small number of previous studies on parenting styles and delinquency, definite conclusions on whether parenting styles have stronger links to delinquency than parenting dimensions or which parenting style has the strongest link to delinquency cannot be drawn.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    Theories about the causes of crime have contradictory hypotheses about whether the parenting-delinquency link changes over time.

    “Theories on the causes of crime have contradictory hypotheses on this issue.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory (1990) source
    • cites Sampson and Laub’s (2005) age-graded theory

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The present meta-analysis includes unpublished studies and provides fail-safe numbers.

    “The present meta-analysis includes unpublished studies and also provides fail-safe numbers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The meta-analysis prevented dependence among study results by combining dependent studies' results or by retaining only one result from a study.

    “In the current meta-analysis, dependence of study results was prevented by combining the results of dependent studies or by using only one study result.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The parenting-delinquency link may weaken as children mature, as peers or other life events have more impact.

    “The parenting–delinquency link may weaken as children mature with the influence of peers or other life events having more impact.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The significant parenting-delinquency link is consistent with studies showing that parent management training reduces delinquency and antisocial behavior.

    “Our finding concerning the significance of the link between parenting and delinquency is in line with studies that found support for the effectiveness of parent management training programs in reducing delinquency and antisocial behavior (e.g., McCart et al. 2006; Mulford and Redding 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McCart et al. 2006 source
    • cites Mulford and Redding 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some previous studies with time intervals of at least 10 years suggest that parenting influences delinquent behavior in youngsters, but parental influence weakens over time.

    “Some previous studies, including time-intervals of at least 10 years suggest that parenting influences delinquent behavior in youngsters, but the influence of parents weakens over time (Hoeve et al. 2007, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hoeve et al. 2007, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Negative and positive aspects of support should be treated as separate parenting dimensions because they have different links to delinquency.

    “The present meta-analysis shows that negative aspects of support have different links to delinquency than the positive aspects and therefore these concepts should be considered as separate parenting dimensions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The age findings contradict static models and favor dynamic theories of delinquency.

    “This is in contradiction with assumptions of static models, but is in line with the dynamic models, such as the theory of Sampson and Laub (1993, 2005) suggesting that correlates of delinquency may change during the life-course.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “Thus, the findings in the present meta-analysis favor dynamic theories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sampson and Laub (1993, 2005)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Life-course-persistent delinquents were associated with poor parenting, whereas adolescence-limited delinquents were not.

    “Life-course-persistent delinquents were found to be associated with poor parenting, whereas adolescence-limited delinquents were not (Moffitt and Caspi 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moffitt and Caspi 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because both support and control dimensions were linked to delinquency, parenting styles may be important risk factors for delinquency.

    “Given that both parenting dimensions of support and control were linked to delinquent behavior, parenting styles could be important risk factors for delinquency (that is, the combination of the dimensions support and control).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The link between parenting and delinquency may also be due to the impact of delinquency on parenting.

    “Therefore, we should not rule out that the link between parenting and delinquency may also be due to the impact of delinquency on parenting.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    It is worthwhile to compare studies on fathers with studies on mothers and their children.

    “The present meta-analysis, however, shows that it is worthwhile to compare studies on fathers with studies on mothers and their children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Parents influence their children, and children also influence their parents.

    “However, parents not only influence their children, but children also influence their parents (Crouter and Booth 2003; Granic 2000; Holden 1997).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Crouter and Booth 2003 source
    • cites Granic 2000 source
    • cites Holden 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Even though longitudinal studies showed poorer parenting preceded delinquent behavior, a bidirectional view cannot be rejected because it is unknown whether child-rearing was influenced by earlier delinquency or other problem behaviors.

    “Even though the included longitudinal studies showed that poorer parenting practices preceded delinquent behavior, a bidirectional view on parent–child relations cannot be rejected as we do not know whether the child-rearing characteristics had been influenced by earlier delinquency or other problem behaviors of the child.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
51 of 51

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Males engage in more delinquent behavior than females.

    “Males are more involved in delinquent behavior than females.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The quality of unpublished studies is questionable because they have not undergone peer review.

    “because the quality of unpublished studies is questioned because they have not gone through peer review”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Assessing study quality appropriately is complicated and often problematic.

    “assessing the quality of a study appropriately is complicated and often problematic”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The quality of retrospective studies is often questioned.

    “Given that the study quality of retrospective studies is often questioned we conducted several analyses in order to investigate the potential influence of these studies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Boys are more often delinquent than girls.

    “Given the lack of studies that investigate fathers and that boys are more often delinquent than girls, there appears to be a serious gap in research.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The findings on inadequate parenting and delayed moral reasoning of the juvenile offenders in this study concur with findings of previous research.

    “Also, the findings on inadequate parenting and the delayed moral reasoning of the juvenile offenders in this study concur with findings of previous research (Hoeve et al., 2009; Stams et al., 2006).”

    From The care of Filipino juvenile offenders in residential facilities evaluated using the risk-need-responsivity model (2016) · cites this paper as Hoeve et al., 2009

  • Harsh, hostile, rejecting, controlling, and neglectful parenting is significantly related to delinquency.

    “they provide convincing evidence for a significant relationship between harsh, hostile, rejecting, controlling, and neglectful parenting with delinquency”

    From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Hoeve et al., 2009

  • Our findings with regard to parental control do not concur with our meta-analytic results on the link between parenting and delinquency, as we found moderate mean effect sizes for several types of parental control, including poor parental supervision (r = 0.23), and psychological control (r = 0.23).

    “Our findings with regard to parental control do, however, not concur with our meta-analytic results on the link between parenting and delinquency, as we found moderate mean effect sizes for several types of parental control, including poor parental supervision (r = 0.23), and psychological control (r = 0.23; Hoeve et al. 2009).”

    From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Hoeve et al. 2009

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentQ(5) = 13.7reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .018

    “Q(5) = 13.7, p < .05”

  • ConsistentQ(3) = 8.8reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .032

    “Q(3) = 8.8, p < .05”

  • ConsistentQ(1) = 0.03reported p > .1 · recomputed p = .862

    “Q(1) = 0.03, p > .10”

  • ConsistentQ(1) = 1reported p > .1 · recomputed p = .317

    “Q(1) = 1.0, p > .10”

  • ConsistentQ(1) = 4.3reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .038

    “Qb(1) = 4.30, p < .05”

  • ConsistentQ(4) = 15.3reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .004

    “Qb(4) = 15.3, p < .01”

  • ConsistentQ(4) = 7.2reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .126

    “Qb(4) = 7.2, p > .05”

  • ConsistentQ(2) = 3.5reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .174

    “Qb(2) = 3.5, p > .05”

  • ConsistentQ(2) = 0.7reported p > .1 · recomputed p = .705

    “Q(2) = 0.7, p > .10”

  • Consistentz = -2.05reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .040

    “(z = −2.05, p < .05”

  • Consistentz = 2.36reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .018

    “(z = 2.36, p < .05”

  • Consistentz = -1.9reported p < .06 · recomputed p = .057

    “(z = −1.90, p < .06”

  • Consistentz = -2.28reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .023

    “(z = −2.28, p < .05”

  • Consistentz = -1.72reported p < .1 · recomputed p = .085

    “(z = −1.72, p < .10”

  • Consistentz = 1.68reported p < .1 · recomputed p = .093

    “(z = 1.68, p < .10”

  • Consistentz = 2.76reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .006

    “(z = 2.76, p < .01”

  • Consistentz = 1.92reported p < .1 · recomputed p = .055

    “(z = 1.92, p < .10”

17 of 17

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Parenting-questionnaire item count is both a moderator and a non-moderator

    Minor

    The discussion says the number of parenting-questionnaire items moderated the association, but the results explicitly say it did not.

  • Sample-size ranges disagree

    Minor

    The method gives a sample-size range of 35-6,751, whereas the results give 34-18,260 for the included studies.

  • Study-design counts exceed the reported number of studies

    Minor

    The three design categories total 127 studies, but the results describe 119 independent studies. No overlap between these design categories is indicated.

    Reported 119 · recomputed 127

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

7 of the 276 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 17

  1. *Adams, J. B. (2001). Self-control as a mediator for the effects of parental bonding, prosocial behavioral training and psychological autonomy on adolescent delinquency. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(4 A), 1595 (UMI No. 3013141).
  2. *Cook, E. T. (1996). Risk and protective factors in adolescent problem behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 57, 4742 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1996).
  3. *Criss, M. M. (2002). How parents find out about their teenagers’ activities: Validating an observational measure of monitoring as dyadic process. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(2 B), 1086 (UMI No. 3043993).
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Authors
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M.
Affiliations
  • Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NL)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Corresponding author
Hoeve, Machteld
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2009-03-05
Volume
37
Issue
6
Pages
749-775
ISSN
  • 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2835
DOI
10.1007/s10802-009-9310-8
PMC
PMC2708328
OpenAlex
W2060821273
Cited by
1,358
References
276
Citations by year
2026: 68 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 49
FWCI
19.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
Keywords
parenting, juvenile delinquency, parental supervision, psychological control, parental rejection, parental hostility, parental warmth, parenting support, parenting styles, father involvement, gender differences, child age, informant effects
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Authoritarianism, Child, Child Rearing, Female, Hostility, Humans, Internal-External Control, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Rejection, Psychology, Social Support, Parenting, Sex Distribution, Young Adult

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