Associations between Child Maltreatment, Harsh Parenting, and Sleep with Adolescent Mental Health
Open accessAbstract
Youth who suffer from psychiatric disorders are at high risk for negative outcomes, including aggression and substance abuse. Although many youth with psychiatric disorders have endured harsh parenting and/or child maltreatment (CM), differential associations between these experiential factors have yet to be fully explored. Sleep problems have also been implicated in psychiatric disorders and are consistently associated with CM. The overlap and unique contributions of CM and sleep problems to the mental health of youth remains unclear; longitudinal studies from late childhood into adolescence, when psychiatric illnesses frequently onset, are rare. The current longitudinal study examined associations of CM, harsh parenting, and sleep problems with symptoms of four psychiatric disorders: Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression. Early adolescent youth with no history of substance use (N = 529) were sampled from a working class, medium-sized city in northern Kentucky, and an extensive battery of tests were administered to youth and a parent. CM was more strongly and consistently related to psychiatric disorder symptoms at baseline than was harsh parenting. Reports of harsh parenting were more strongly associated with externalizing symptoms than internalizing symptoms. Sleep problems were also positively associated with psychiatric disorder symptoms at baseline, but did not exacerbate the effects of CM or harsh parenting on symptom counts. Longitudinally, harsh parenting was more predictive of change in psychiatric symptoms two to three years later than was CM. The potential significance of childhood adversity and sleep problems for prevention of later mental health problems are discussed.
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Gruhn, M. A., Miller, A. B., Machlin, L., Motton, S. N., Thinzar, C. E., & Sheridan, M. A. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00963-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Of note, the questions from the MINI were chosen to capture the core symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder while limiting participant burden to maximize response likelihood (e.g., Bech, 2016; Calhoun et al., 2019; Teague et al., 2008).”
MethodXiang, Y., Zhou, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106715 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Device-measured sleep onset and duration in the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence
Thorburn-Winsor, E. A., Neufeld, S., Rowthorn, H., van Sluijs, E. M. F., Brage, S., Jones, P. B., Goodyer, I. M., & Winpenny, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.051 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The association between child maltreatment and sleep disturbances among preschoolers.
Wang, Z.-J., Li, W., Cui, N., Sun, X.-N., Rong, T.-Y., Deng, Y.-J., Meng, M., Shan, W., Zhang, Y.-T., Ordway, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105525 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Jensen, A. C., Jorgensen-Wells, M. A., Pickett, J. M., Andrus, L. E., Leiter, V. K., Graver, H., Pollard, B., Kroff, S. L., Russo, R. B., & Hanna‐Walker, V. R. (2021) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12425 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bullying and sleep disturbance are mediators between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms
Chang, J.-J., Li, Q., Li, Y., Yuan, M., Zhang, T., Wang, G., & Su, P. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101516 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yan, C., Zheng, W., Du, Y., Li, Y., Wang, M., & Qu, M. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s491714 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The nexus of family environment with youth street criminal behavior in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
Ullah, A., Shakir, M., Ahmad, N., & Shakir, G. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08577 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Influential factors of depression: The impact of harsh parenting, school support, and rumination
Li, M., Fan, L., Wang, J., Peng, M., Gong, H., Deng, Z., Su, J., & Gao, Y. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25014 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lakhdir, M. P. A., Peerwani, G., Soomar, S. M., Nathwani, A. A., Farooq, S., Ali, N. A., Khaliq, A., Kadir, M. M., & Azam, S. I. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00387-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lakhdir, M. P. A., Pasha, A., Allana, A. R., Khaliq, A., Farooq, S., Ali, N. A., Nathwani, A. A., & Azam, S. I. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105872 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Estrada, S., & Baskin-sommers, A. R. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422001420 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“, 2020), high levels of depression (Calhoun et al., 2019), and suicidal ideation (Doom et al.”
BackgroundGonzález, C., Morawska, A., Higgins, D. J., & Haslam, D. M. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106565 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Corporal punishment refers to physical punishment in the form of physical force towards a child to cause pain but not injury, which includes smacking (Calhoun et al., 2019).”
BackgroundJin, Y., & Chen, W. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.045331 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fraga, S. J. D. S., Abrahamyan, A., Amorim, M., & Soares, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31547-3_76 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Văidean, T., Dobrean, A., Predescu, E., Yap, M. B. H., & Georgescu, R. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.12.016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fraga, S. J. D. S., Abrahamyan, A., Amorim, M., & Soares, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_76-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thijssen, S., Xerxa, Y., Norbom, L. B., Cima, M., Tiemeier, H. W., Tamnes, C. K., & Muetzel, R. L. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101462 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Consequently, early adverse family experiences, such as harsh parental care or parental conflict, can have detrimental effects on mental health and well-being across the life span (e.g. Calhoun et al., 2019; Goulter et al., 2020; Oshri et al., 2018; van Eldik et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBhardwaj, T., & Viju, P. D. (2023) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176221140150 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Constantine, M., & Kearney, C. A. (2023) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2023.2187775 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sleep: An unplayed ace in research and treatment of youth with ACEs
Kamhout, S., & Duraccio, K. M. (2025) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100109 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lakhdir, M. P. A., Nathwani, A. A., Ali, N. A., Farooq, S., Peerwani, G., Khaliq, A., Azam, S. I., & Kadir, M. M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-889096/v1
ESTRATÉGIAS DE PROMOÇÃO DE SAÚDE BUCAL EM GESTANTES: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Duarte, A. V. M., de Carvalho, H. M. A., Alves, I. P. D. C., Borges, J. M. D. S., Lopes, K. F. D. S., de Freitas, K. N., Honorato, L. B., da Silva, L. D. C. P., Cavalcante, M. R. D. S., & Vieira, F. C. R. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c13
CUIDADO FARMACÊUTICO RELACIONADO A SUPLEMENTOS ALIMENTARES
Mouzinho, C. P. B., Santos, C. A., Lemos, M. F. R. P., & de Queiroz, M. D. S. R. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c11
CUIDADO FARMACÊUTICO NO ATENDIMENTO DA PESSOA COM OBESIDADE
Lima, A. H., Guimarães, A. M. P. L., Pereira, C. S., Silva, J. A. D. S., Carvalho, L. S., Andrade, M., de Azevedo, T. M., dos Santos, V. M., & de Queiroz, M. D. S. R. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c10
AGRESSÕES NA INFÂNCIA E OS POSSÍVEIS IMPACTOS PSICOLÓGICOS: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Neto, I. B., Pereira, A. V., de Medeiros, A. L. G., de Souza, C. W. N., & Reinaldo, M. L. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c4
ALEITAMENTO MATERNO NA UNIDADE DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA NEONATAL: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
do Nascimento, B. T. S., Frese, B., Ferreira, G. S., Rabelo, N. N. D. F., Domingos, T. M. R., Rodrigues, R. D. D. S., da Silva, M. H. N., Ferreira, L. F., da Silva, J. M., & do Nascimento, I. T. S. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c5
ATUAÇÃO DO BIOMÉDICO NO REJUVENESCIMENTO FACIAL COM FIOS DE SUSTENTAÇÃO
Araújo, P. R. C., & de Alencar, K. A. C. A. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c7
JEJUM INTERMITENTE NA REDUÇÃO DO PESO EM PESSOAS COM SOBREPESO OU OBESIDADE: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Santos, E. D. J., Silva, R. P. D. C., Marques, D. S., Ribeiro, J. A. D. C., de Paula, L. R., Raulino, J. M. D. H., Silva, A. M. B. S., de Jesus, F. C. S., & Correia, P. H. B. T. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c14
A EFICÁCIA DA AURICULOTERAPIA NA REDUÇÃO DOS SINTOMAS ANSIOSOS
Alves, S. P. L. B., da Silva, F. A., Silva, I. V. D. F., Souza, A. B. P. E., do Nascimento, D. G., de Oliveira, G. J. S., de Pinho, L. A., Juntolli, A. C. V., Loiola, I. F., & Libanio, V. M. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c1
Cordeiro, N. O., Malta, L. F., Cardoso, M. S., Silva, N. A. N., & Munhoz, F. C. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c2
França, L. C. R. D. S., Dantas, J. P. G., Torres, A. G., Silva, M. M. S., de Lima, P. C., & Oliveira, V. P. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c15
ANÁLISE BIOMECÂNICA DO BALLET CLÁSSICO E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES NOS TORNOZELOS: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
de Fontes-Junior, A. A. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c6
PROGNÓSTICO DO CÂNCER DE PULMÃO: UMA ABORDAGEM VIA MODELOS DA ANÁLISE DE SOBREVIVÊNCIA
Neto, D. A. D. S., & dos Santos, P. C. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c16
A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ENCERAMENTO DIAGNÓSTICO NA REABILITAÇÃO BUCAL: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Mendes, G. N., Santos, G. A. S., Nava, J. R. B., & Trento, C. L. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c3
ESCLEROSE LATERAL AMIOTRÓFICA E SUAS REPERCUSSÕES NA MECÂNICA VENTILATÓRIA
de Carvalho, R. D., Parente, K. M. T., Grecco, L., Ribeiro, A. L. F., Silva, R. T. N., Braga, R. D. C. C. D., Vida, L. M., Amorim, G. T. R. P., & Barbosa, S. M. V. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c12
CONTRACEPÇÃO DE EMERGÊNCIA: USO E CONHECIMENTO POR ACADÊMICAS EM UMA FACULDADE NO PARÁ
Silva, V. S. E., da Silva, G. K. R., Cruz, K. S. S., Mesquita, H. T. D. S., & da Silva, A. S. B. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c9
ESTÁGIO EM FISIOTERAPIA AQUÁTICA NA CLÍNICA - ESCOLA DA UFDPAR: RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA
Wandscher, B., Rocha, V. D. S., de Araújo, V. P., Teles, R. D. A., Araújo, A. C. M., Maximiano, H. R. L., Oliveira, V. S., Santos, T. E. S., Sousa, L. I. D. O., & Pereira, B. G. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c17
CLIMA ORGANIZACIONAL E BEM ESTAR: CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA PSICOLOGIA
Vicente, L. Í., da Costa, L. N. X., Araújo, R. S. D. S., Ferreira, M. E. C., Albuquerque, F. B. D. C., de Sousa, F. M. A., de Sousa, K. A., Barbosa, M. E., Lopes, A. R., & Soares, S. M. M. (2023) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20230527c8
Iqueuti, N. G. M., Iqueuti, F. T. M., & de Araújo, Y. B. (2023) · doi:10.58871/conbrasca.v4.29
Zhou, Y., & Xiang, Y. (2025) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2024.2421359
“As a chronic physical and psychological stressor, childhood maltreatment negatively affects sleep quality (Calhoun et al., 2019), since sleep quality problems are the combination of physical health problems and an indirect response to mental health problems.”
Kamhout, S., & Duraccio, K. M. (2025) · Research Directions Sleep Psychology · doi:10.1017/slp.2025.3
Kim, J. Y., Shin, N. E., & Kim, D. H. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251392279
Moore, S., D’Errico, A., Keller, S., Vivian, J., & Greene, A. (2026) · International Journal on Child Maltreatment Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s42448-026-00268-0
Childhood trauma and adolescent sleep problems: The roles of perceived stress and vagal regulation
Zeng, Y., & Lü, W. (2026) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2026.113478
- Authors
- Calhoun, B. H., Ridenour, T. A., & Fishbein, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- RTI International (US)
- Corresponding author
- Calhoun, Brian H.
- Venue
- Journal of Child and Family Studies
- Published
- 2018-09-28
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 116-130
- ISSN
- 1062-1024 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2843
- PMC
- PMC6660198
- OpenAlex
- W2893049423
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Child and Family Studies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA034618)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- child abuse, harsh parenting, sleep disorders, adolescent mental health, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, childhood adversity, early adolescence
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