On the Interactions of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Sleep: Normal HPA Axis Activity and Circadian Rhythm, Exemplary Sleep Disorders
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays important roles in maintaining alertness and modulating sleep. Dysfunction of this axis at any level (CRH receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, or mineralocorticoid receptor) can disrupt sleep. Herein, we review normal sleep, normal HPA axis physiology and circadian rhythm, the effects of the HPA axis on sleep, as well as the effects of sleep on the HPA axis. We also discuss the potential role of CRH in circadian-dependent alerting, aside from its role in the stress response. Two clinically relevant sleep disorders with likely HPA axis dysfunction, insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, are discussed. In insomnia, we discuss how HPA axis hyperactivity may be partially causal to the clinical syndrome. In obstructive sleep apnea, we discuss how HPA axis hyperactivity may be a consequence of the disorder and contribute to secondary pathology such as insulin resistance, hypertension, depression, and insomnia. Mechanisms by which cortisol can affect slow wave sleep are discussed, as is the role the HPA axis plays in secondary effects of primary sleep disorders.
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Adaptive diurnal HPA-axis functioning has implications for immune functioning, growth, and sleep.
“Adaptive diurnal functioning of the HPA-axis has implications for other physiological processes such as immune functioning (Heim et al., 2002; Watts-English, Fortson, Gibler, Hooper, & De Bellis, 2006), growth (Kertes et al., 2008), sleep (Buckley and Schatzberg, 2005)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Buckley and Schatzberg, 2005
In human African trypanosomiasis, circadian sleep-wake disruption is characteristic, with sleep and wake periods distributed throughout the 24-h day.
“In human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a parasitic disease also known as sleeping sickness, circadian sleep-wake disruption is characteristic, with sleep and wake periods distributed throughout the 24-h day (77, 83).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [83]
The HPA axis receives relevant feedback from other brain areas, such as the hippocampus and amygdala.
“In addition, the HPA axis receives relevant feedback from other areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus and amygdala [8].”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
Cortisol exerts feedback inhibition at the level of the PVN and the anterior pituitary to control CRH or ACTH synthesis and release.
“Cortisol has numerous actions, including feedback inhibition at the level of the PVN and the anterior pituitary to control CRH or ACTH synthesis and release.”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Buckley, T. M., & Schatzberg, A. F.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Buckley, Theresa M.
- ORCID
- Schatzberg, Alan F.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2005-05
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 3106-3114
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2145073776
- Cited by
- 964
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R0-1MH50604, 5-T32MH19938, T32MH019938)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000070)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sleep, circadian rhythm, sleep disorders, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, cortisol, slow-wave sleep, corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, HPA axis hyperactivity, insulin resistance, hypertension, depression
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Electroencephalography, Feedback, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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