Awakening Compassion in Managers—a New Emotional Skills Intervention to Improve Managerial Compassion
Open accessAbstract
Compassion is in high demand within organizational research, with important implications for leadership, well-being, and productivity. However, thus far only meditation-based interventions have been implemented to increase compassion in organizations. Our aim was to explore whether compassion could be increased among managers through improving their emotional skills. We implemented a quasi-randomized controlled trial with pre-test and post-test design of a new emotional skills cultivation training among managers, measuring the treatment group (N = 68), the control group (N = 90), and their followers (N = 85 and N = 72). Compared to the control group, the managers exhibited significantly increased sense of emotional skills, with some evidence for an improved sense of compassion. We also found that emotional skills mediated the impact of participating in the intervention group and compassion. Additionally, servant leadership behaviors in the intervention group improved following the intervention. These results demonstrate that instead of being something innate, compassion is a skill that can be increased through training emotional skills, with observable benefits for the organization.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Servant leadership showed signs of improvement after the emotional skills training.
“Servant leadership showed signs of improvement after the training”
From Whither compassionate leadership? A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Paakkanen et al. (2021)
Emotional Skills Cultivation Training (ESCT) is related to significant improvement in managers' sense of compassion.
“Emotional Skills Cultivation Training (ESCT) was related to significant improvement in managers sense of compassion”
From Whither compassionate leadership? A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Paakkanen et al. (2021)
Emotional skills can improve compassion.
“Emotional skills could improve compassion”
From Whither compassionate leadership? A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Paakkanen et al. (2021)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2013) · Cited by 44,563 · see citing works
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68 · Cited by 27,815 · see citing works
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975 · see citing works
Organizing and the process of sensemaking
Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (2005) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1050.0133 · Cited by 6,943 · see citing works
Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness
(1979) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/0007-6813(79)90092-2 · Cited by 4,090 · see citing works
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013262 · Cited by 2,365 · see citing works
A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21923 · Cited by 2,253 · see citing works
Servant Leadership: A Review and Synthesis
van Dierendonck, D. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310380462 · Cited by 2,218 · see citing works
Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018807 · Cited by 2,200 · see citing works
Self-determination in a work organization.
Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1989) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.580 · Cited by 2,077 · see citing works
Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200266002 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
Models of Emotional Intelligence
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511807947.019 · Cited by 2,019 · see citing works
Primal leadership: realizing the power of emotional intelligence
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-0392 · Cited by 1,944 · see citing works
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02690.x · Cited by 1,886 · see citing works
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.507 · Cited by 1,822 · see citing works
Motivational predictors of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance.
Williams, G. C., Grow, V. M., Freedman, Z. R., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.1.115 · Cited by 1,610 · see citing works
Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life
Ekman, P. (2003) · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
Introducing compassion-focused therapy
Gilbert, P. (2009) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264 · Cited by 1,435 · see citing works
Internalization of biopsychosocial values by medical students: A test of self-determination theory.
Williams, G. C., & Deci, E. L. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.767 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works
Singer, T., & Klimecki, O. M. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.054 · Cited by 1,254 · see citing works
Motivational predictors of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance.
Williams, G. C., Grow, V. M., Freedman, Z. R., et al. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.115 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
The Corporation. The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power
(2006) · Society and Business Review · doi:10.1108/17465680610706355 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608310x526511 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure
van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9194-1 · Cited by 920 · cited 11× · see citing works
“Subsequent studies have analyzed the validity of the measure (e.g., Hakanen, Harju, Seppälä, Laaksonen, & Pahkin, 2012; Rodriguez-Carvajal, De Rivas, Herrero, Moreno-Jimenez, & Van Dierendonck, 2014; Cronbach’s alpha for the whole measure was = .95 and = .94, respectively).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Meta-Analysis of Compassion-Based Interventions: Current State of Knowledge and Future Directions
Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Compassionate love for close others and humanity
Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (2005) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407505056439 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Explaining Compassion Organizing
Dutton, J. E., Worline, M. C., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. (2006) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.51.1.59 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Elevation and the positive psychology of morality.
Haidt, J. (2003) · Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived. · doi:10.1037/10594-012 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Fineman, S. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446219850 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2011.649546 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C. S., & Kitayama, S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.773 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Giving Commitment: Employee Support Programs and The Prosocial Sensemaking Process
Grant, A. M., Dutton, J. E., & Rosso, B. D. (2008) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2008.34789652 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., Macedo, S., & Ober, J. (2006) · Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California) · Cited by 552 · see citing works
(2003) · Cited by 551 · see citing works
The contours and consequences of compassion at work
Lilius, J. M., Worline, M. C., Maitlis, S., Kanov, J., Dutton, J. E., & Frost, P. (2008) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.508 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Dutton, J. E., Workman, K. M., & Hardin, A. E. (2014) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091221 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence
(2003) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm.2003.16.1.123.3 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Power, Distress, and Compassion: Turning a Blind Eye to the Suffering of Others
van Kleef, G. A., Oveis, C., van der Löwe, I., LuoKogan, A., Goetz, J., & Keltner, D. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02241.x · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K., & Britton, W. B. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176239 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Enhancing Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Compassion Cultivation Training Program
Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, T., McGonigal, K. M., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E. R., Cullen, M., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9373-z · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Primates and philosophers: how morality evolved
Salzano, F. M. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-6788 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Kashdan, T. B., Barrett, L. F., & McKnight, P. E. (2015) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414550708 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2002) · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Barsade, S. G., & O’Neill, O. A. (2014) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839214538636 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
van Dierendonck, D., & Patterson, K. (2015) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2085-z · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Organized sensemaking: A commentary on processes of interpretive work
Weick, K. E. (2012) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726711424235 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Social heuristics and social roles: Intuition favors altruism for women but not for men.
Rand, D. G., Brescoll, V. L., Everett, J. A. C., Capraro, V., & Barcelo, H. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000154 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Hwang, J. Y., Plante, T. G., & Lackey, K. (2008) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-008-0117-2 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Atkins, P. W. B., & Parker, S. K. (2011) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.0490 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Journal of Business and Psychology
Barrett, G. V., Polomsky, M. D., & Mcdaniel, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/10869.1573-353x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Why Act for the Public Good? Four Answers
Batson, C. D. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294205016 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Toxic Emotions at Work: How Compassionate Managers Handle Pain and Conflict
Bartunek, J. M., & Frost, P. J. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/20159022 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The Spanish Journal of Psychology
Científica, S. D. I., Paoloni, A., Donolo, V., & Rinaudo, D. (2013) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5209/rev_sjop · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Understanding compassion capability
Lilius, J. M., Worline, M. C., Dutton, J. E., Kanov, J. M., & Maitlis, S. (2011) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726710396250 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Ekman, P. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/sbmj.0405184 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life
Keltner, D. J. (2009) · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Narratives of Compassion in Organizations
Frost, P. J., Dutton, J. E., Worline, M. C., & Wilson, A. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446219850.n2 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Emotion skills training for medical students: a systematic review
Satterfield, J. M., & Hughes, E. (2007) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02835.x · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Restorative justice: critical issues
McLaughlin, E., Ferguson, R., Hughes, G., & Westmarland, L. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Are empathy and concern psychologically distinct?
Jordan, M. R., Amir, D., & Bloom, P. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000228 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Tracing Pastoralist Migrations to Southern Africa with Lactase Persistence Alleles
Macholdt, E., Lede, V., Barbieri, C., Mpoloka, S. W., Chen, H., Slatkin, M., Pakendorf, B., & Stoneking, M. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.027 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
2012 Presidential Address—On Compassion In Scholarship: Why Should We Care?
Tsui, A. S. (2013) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2012.0408 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Love: What Is It, Why Does It Matter, and How Does It Operate?
Reis, H. T., & Aron, A. P. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00065.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Otis, N., & Pelletier, L. G. (2005) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02215.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The effects of Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) on health‐care workers
Scarlet, J., Altmeyer, N., Knier, S., & Harpin, R. E. (2017) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12130 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Looking down: The influence of contempt and compassion on emergent leadership categorizations.
Melwani, S., Mueller, J. S., & Overbeck, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030074 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Be(com)ing Real: a Multi-source and an Intervention Study on Mindfulness and Authentic Leadership
Nübold, A., Quaquebeke, N. V., & Hulsheger, U. R. (2019) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-019-09633-y · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Compassion at the counter: Service providers and bereaved consumers
O’Donohoe, S., & Turley, D. (2006) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726706071648 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Kanov, J. M., Powley, E. H., & Walshe, N. D. (2016) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726716673144 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Leaders' negative emotions and leadership styles influencing subordinates' well-being
Zineldin, M., & Hytter, A. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.606114 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Toxic emotions at work how compassionate managers handle pain and conflict
Frost, P. J. (2003) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Vuorinen, K., Erikivi, A., & Uusitalo‐Malmivaara, L. (2018) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12423 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lu, X., Zhou, H., & Chen, S. (2018) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9555-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Leading People Positively: Cross-Cultural Validation of the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS)
Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R., de Rivas, S., Herrero, M., Jiménez, B. M., & van Dierendonck, D. (2014) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.73 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Do compassionate firms outperform? The role of organizational learning
Guinot, J., Miralles, S., Rodríguez-Sánchez, A., & Chiva, R. (2020) · Employee Relations: The International Journal · doi:10.1108/er-07-2019-0275 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
On Compassion in Scholarship: Why Should We Care?
Tsui, A. (2013) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2013.0016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Eldor, L. (2018) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muy029 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Handbook of transformative cooperation : new designs and dynamics
Piderit, S. K., Fry, R., & Cooperrider, D. L. (2007) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Interoception and sexual response in women with low sexual desire
Velten, J., & Brotto, L. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185979 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 80 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfac- tion: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2045- 2068.
- Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fear of com- passion: Development of three self-report measures. Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 84, 239-255.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Whither compassionate leadership? A systematic review
Ramachandran, S., Balasubramanian, S., James, W. F., & Al Masaeid, T. (2024) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-023-00340-w · Cited by 76 · see citing works
All the Lonely People: An Integrated Review and Research Agenda on Work and Loneliness
McCarthy, J. M., Erdoğan, B., Bauer, T. N., Kudret, S., & Campion, E. D. (2025) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063241313320 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Compassionate communication: a scoping review
Julia, G. J., Romate, J., Allen, J. G., & Rajkumar, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2023.1294586 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
In search of copassion: Creating a novel concept to promote re-enchantment at work
Pessi, A. B., Seppänen, A. M., Spännäri, J., Grönlund, H., Martela, F., & Paakkanen, M. A. (2021) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/23409444211058179 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPansini, M., Buonomo, I., & Benevene, P. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162310697 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Quiet Quitting as Compensatory Respect: Meaningful Work, Recognition, and the Entrepreneurial Ethic
Corbin, T., & Flenady, G. (2024) · Philosophy of Management · doi:10.1007/s40926-024-00320-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Prummer, K., Human-Vogel, S., Graham, M. A., & Pittich, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1393660 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Andersson, C., Mellner, C., Lilliengren, P., Einhorn, S., Bergsten, K. L., Stenström, E., & Osika, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748140 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Looking within: cultivating compassion for shaping sustainable mindsets in accounting education
Powell, L., & McGuigan, N. (2023) · Meditari Accountancy Research · doi:10.1108/medar-07-2023-2082 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Vuorinen, K., Pessi, A. B., & Uusitalo, L. (2020) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-020-01058-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationAmah, O. E. (2023) · Africa Journal of Management · doi:10.1080/23322373.2023.2187612 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Leading matters! Linking compassion and mindfulness in organizations through servant leadership
Miralles, S., Pessi, A. B., Pozo-Hidalgo, M., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1346751 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationCompassion—A key to innovation: What promotes and what prevents innovation in organizations?
Spännäri, J., Juntunen, E., Pessi, A. B., & Ståhle, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1058544 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology of compassion: A literature review
Addiss, D. G., Richards, A., Adiabu, S., Horwath, E., Leruth, S., Graham, A. L., & Buesseler, H. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992705 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Richard, E. M., Walsh, J. J., & Young, S. F. (2022) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2022.2039022 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Psychology and Compassion
Kotera, Y., Martínez-Rives, N. L., Aledeh, M., Colman, R. D., Veasey, C. M., Harrington, T., Komori, N., Ozaki, A., Griner, D., Ali, Y., et al. (2024) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia4040098 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
‘I was just left to get on with the job’: Understanding grief and work through a relational lens
Reed, K. (2024) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/00380385241235816 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Organizational compassion: a conceptual extension and scale development
Akgün, A. E., Keski̇n, H., & Basaran, H. T. E. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07442-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Battling the barriers to compassion in organizations
Paakkanen, M. A., Martela, F., & Pessi, A. B. (2024) · Australian Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/03128962241286071 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationCompassion, secure flourishing, and organizational commitment of managers
Ford, M., Rothmann, S., & van Zyl, L. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Organizational Psychology · doi:10.3389/forgp.2024.1383378 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How Leaders ‘Strength of Heart’ and ‘Strength of Will’ Enhance Team Performance
Rego, A., Simpson, A. V., Cunha, M. P. E., Silard, A., Oliveira, E., & Mamédio, D. F. (2024) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2024.2348024 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Julia, G. J., Rajkumar, E., & Romate, J. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12336 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smith‐Merry, J., Mellifont, D., Scanlan, J. N., & Hancock, N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312450 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Team Spiritual Power: A Resource for Managing Toxic Leadership
Goltz, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Management Spirituality & Religion · doi:10.51327/luqx5612 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gotsis, G. N., & Grimani, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32257-0_16-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Montani, F., Vandenberghe, C., Grenier, S., Courcy, F., & Staglianò, R. (2024) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2024.2429849 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
La compassion managériale comme propulseur de la santé organisationnelle en temps de perturbations
Grenier, S., Montani, F., Gagnon, J.-F., & Dupuis, A. (2022) · Ad machina l avenir de l humain au travail · doi:10.1522/radm.no6.1509 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Managerial skills in the globalized world in chosen EU countries
Čulková, K., Hrehová, D., Seňová, A., & Teplická, K. (2021) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202112902003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ÇALIŞMA YAŞAMINDA ŞEFKAT KAVRAMINA İLİŞKİN BİBLİYOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ
GÜLER, D. (2023) · Journal of Business in The Digital Age · doi:10.46238/jobda.1291119 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
(2023) · Canadian Journal of Business and Information Studies · doi:10.34104/cjbis.023.022048 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evaluation of a compassion-based intervention targeting high-performance coaches
Backman, E., Kenttä, G., Henriksen, K., Hejl, C., & Zettler, I. (2025) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2025.2523873 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Newstead, T., Loghman, S., Newman, A., & Riggio, R. E. (2026) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.70064 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peregoy, R., Kumar, P., Major, R. J., & Culham, T. E. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80262-349-920231012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reid, C. L., & Grant, L. (2024) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12526 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Practice of the Managerial Skills and Tools in the Selected Company
Čulková, K., Seňová, A., Teplická, K., & Taušová, M. (2022) · Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi · doi:10.26677/tr1010.2022.1059 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mizzell, N. (2022) · Christian faith perspectives in leadership and business · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04488-5_6
علاقة التعاطف والنزاهة التنظيمية بالروحانية في مكان العمل دراسة استطلاعية في دائرة صحة كركوك
محمود, ف. ن., & حسين, أ. ع. (2022) · Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences · doi:10.25130/tjaes.18.59.1.19
Compassion: From Neuroscience to New Horizons and Innovative, Inclusive Research Agendas
Waddington, K., Manley, J. Y., Edginton, T., & Kanov, J. (2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4230-9
Toimeenpanon metataitojen näkökulma uudistusten toteuttamiseen hyvinvointipalveluissa
Tammeaid, M. (2021) · Kasvun tuki -aikakauslehti · doi:10.61259/kt.126977
Economides, M., Male, R., Bolton, H., & Cavanagh, K. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/26jch
Fopka-Kowalczyk, M. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-50864-6_16
Rojas, E. A. M., Lopez, D., Mosquera, M. O., & Liévano, J. A. B. (2025) · Estudios y Perspectivas Revista Científica y Académica · doi:10.61384/r.c.a..v5i2.1209
Öztürk, F., & Çiçek, H. (2025) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub980.c4006
Roberts, C., & Coetzer, R. (2025) · The Neuropsychologist · doi:10.53841/bpsneur.2025.1.19-20.22
Gotsis, G. N., & Grimani, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76750-0_16
Pedagogy of care: Compassion as self-transcendence—The Kohlberg memorial lecture of 2025
Pessi, A. B. (2026) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2026.2636317
Self-citationInstitutionalization of Compassion Through Values Work
Espedal, G. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12670-2_12
Pansini, M., Buonomo, I., Orsini, F., & Benevene, P. (2026) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2026.10037 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Paakkanen, M., Martela, F., Hakanen, J., Uusitalo, L., & Pessi, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Aalto University (FI)
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Paakkanen, Miia
- Venue
- Journal of Business and Psychology
- Published
- 2020-10-29
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1095-1108
- ISSN
- 0889-3268 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-353X
- OpenAlex
- W3095920337
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 5.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Business and Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Tekes
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotional Intelligence and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Education › Social Skills and Education
- Keywords
- emotional competence, emotional skills training, servant leadership, managers, followers, mediation, organizational well-being, leadership development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review