Regulation of Positive Emotions: Emotion Regulation Strategies that Promote Resilience

“The creation of positive moments out of ordinary events is consistent with Tugade and Fredrickson's ( 2006 ) observation that people generally want to feel good.”

“…have a crucial impact on our well-being – savoring being beneficial while dampening detrimental (Bryant, 1989, 2003; Bryant & Veroff, 2007; Eisner, Johnson, & Carver, 2009; Gross, Richards, & John, 2006; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007), little is known about the relative utility of specific strategies.”

“And to the extent that positive upregulation has been studied, much of the work has focused on understanding how increasing positive emotions can be used as a strategy to repair negative moods (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004, 2007).”

“Previous studies have shown that this form of cognitive reinterpretation is associated with decreased stress (Yamasaki, Sakai, & Uchida, 2006 ) and improved social interactions and overall health (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000 ; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007 ).”

“…(e.g., Shepherd, 2003; 2009), the resilience literature has focused on the role of positive emotions in dealing with adversity (Fredrickson, Tugade, Waugh, & Larkin, 2003; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007), including how positive emotions “undo” negative emotions (Fredrickson, 1998; Fredrickson, 2001).”

“…American Psychological Association 2010, Vol. 25, No. 3, 516–523 0882-7974/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0019384 516 psychological resilience as an important trait that may account for the adaptive ways in which life stressors are encountered, managed, and transformed (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004, 2007).”

“Although there is no reason to believe that the regulation of negative emotion is more important than (or radically disparate from) the regulation of positive emotion, research examining emotion regulation has focused predominately on negative emotion (Gross, 1999; Tugade & Frederickson, 2007).”

“…was as a personality trait (i.e. ego resilience; Block & Block, 1980), and there is evidence that some individuals think in ways that allow them to respond more successfully to adversity (e.g. Werner & Smith, 1992), perhaps through the use of positive emotions (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“…of the regulation of positive emotion (Nezlek and Kuppens, 2008; Quoidbach et al., 2010; Beblo et al., 2012; Meyer et al., 2012; for review, see Tugade and Fredrickson, 2006), substantially fewer studies have examined the relationship between the regulation and experience of positive stimuli…”

“Third, the effective regulation of positive emotions has been found to be associated with a range of positive outcomes, including higher life satisfaction and self-esteem and lower hopelessness and depression (for a review, see Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“High resilience is correlated with quicker cardiovascular recovery following subjective emotional experiences (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2007), less perceived stress, greater recovery from illness or trauma and better management of dementia and chronic pain (Resnick et al.”

“Moreover, various scholars have argued that positive attitudes and emotions (e.g., hope and optimism) could help develop individual resilience (e.g., Cooper et al., 2013; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“It has been suggested that savoring, gratitude, and infusing ordinary events with positive meaning may be regulatory strategies to maintain or increase positive affect (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“Understanding the day-today development in positive emotions before, during, and after leisure travel is important to managing leisure travel (Stebbins, 2007) and maximizing the positive processes that result (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007), such as broadening and building (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001).”

“Despite the paucity of research on the topic, the ability to maintain and upregulate positive emotions is of particular relevance for well-being and human flourishing (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“This capitalization of positive emotions has been found to produce prolonged hedonic feelings (Mauss et al., 2011; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007), higher levels of somatic activity and amusement (Gross & Levenson, 1997), and better life satisfaction and interpersonal relationships (Gable & Reis, 2010;…”

“Tugade and Fredrickson (2007) outline the ways in which regulation of positive emotions, using strategies to create or maintain a positive affective state, can, in the process, strengthen resilience.”

“…on overcoming acute stress due to acute catastrophic events (e.g. life-threatening circumstances) were excluded due to the aims of the research question, which was to analyse the appropriateness of resilience in less severe work and sporting arenas (Shoenfelt, 2016; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“Consistently, these positive emotions have been demonstrated to provide fuel for flexible and creative thinking, which in turn builds resilience and well-being (Tulgade & Fredrickson, 2007 ).”

“By increasing the duration, frequency, and intensity of positive emotions, savoring may contribute to the development of resources, such as strong relationships and skills, that enable people to respond resiliently when challenges arise (Fredrickson, 2001; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“The ability to experience and harness positive emotions enables individuals to exhibit learning, flexibility, and adaptability in light of negative experiences (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“Bryant and Veroff (2007) and Tugade and Fredrickson (2007) argue that anticipation and/or savoring of a vacation could prolong the duration of positive emotional experiences.”

“We focus on one of these areas of convergence—disruptions in sustaining positive affective states over time—deemed consequential for overall affective functioning and mood (Tugade and Fredrickson 2007), and a promising target for intervention.”

“…the resultant best fitting CD-RISC predicted self-reported levels of affect and performance anxiety, two hypothesized constructs associated with exhibiting resilience (Galli & Vealey, 2008; Southwick, Ozbay, Chaney, & McEwen, 2008; Tugade & Frederickson, 2007; Waugh, Tugade, & Fredrickson, 2008).”

“Cultivate positive emotions to promote resilience [98].”

“…are able to activate their own resilience response when they encounter adversity, either maintaining normal performance levels and an abiding sense of wellbeing despite the circumstances, or achieving eventual return to favourable outcomes (Ablett & Jones, 2007; Tugade & Frederickson, 2007).”

“In addition, individual with high level of psychological resilience might soon recover from negative emotional as well as bring the higher level of positive emotions [17].”

“Furthermore, no study so far has included regulation of positive emotions, although maintaining, increasing, and at times even decreasing positive emotions is important and associated with adaptive outcomes, particularly in social contexts (e.g. Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“Upregulation or savouring refers to maintaining (prolonging) or enhancing (increasing) positive emotions in order to magnify their effect (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007), whereas downregulation or dampening involves stifling (decreasing) the effect of positive emotions (Wood et al., 2003).”

“Meanwhile, emotional regulation showed a strong related to resilience (Masten, 2001; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2006).”

“Moreover, people also engage in strategies that increase their positive emotional experience (Tugade and Fredrickson 2007; Wegener and Petty 1994) and these kinds of regulation strategies seem to be important, not only in positive situations, but especially in the negative ones.”

“Tugade and Fredrickson (2007) suggest that strategies for prolonging and enhancing positive emotions (e.g., savoring) can help increase resilience in difficult times.”

“Another mechanism through which shifts in attention toward positive cues evoked by the training procedure may have attenuated anxiety reactivity is through the conservation of positive emotions throughout the duration of the stressor (e.g., Fredrickson, 2001; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“Cultivating positive emotions during and immediately following adversity can help people strengthen their resilience (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2006).”

“In the view of Tugade and Fredrickson (2007), resilience implies the ability to effectively cope with and adapt to adversity.”

“…our hypothesis that people with SAD have stable, low PA, the SAD and HC groups displayed no differences in rates of acute changes in PA. Emotion regulation skills are necessary not only to down-regulate negative emotions but also to enhance or prolong positive emotions (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2006).”

“Instead of savoring a potentially enjoyable experience and thereby enhancing the happiness derived from it (Bryant, Smart, & King, 2005; Quoidbach, 2009; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007), an experience becomes viewed as a frustrating and intolerable delay when one is impatient.”

“…of exuberant positive emotions has been associated with less behavior problems and more prosocial behavior in children; on the other hand, up-regulation of positive emotions has been suggested to promote resilience to stressful events (Rydell et al., 2003; Tugade and Fredrickson, 2007).”

“Savoring may serve to maintain and prolong positive emotions, thereby contributing to an upward spiral of psychological well-being (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2007), and to subjective well-being later in life (Bryant, 1989; Meehan et al.”

“This established, well-validated method of calculating ED has been used in multiple previous studies (e.g., Hill & Updegraff, 2012; Selby et al., 2014; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“Thus, high trait resilience individuals tend to have the ability to appropriately and actively self regulate themselves whereas low trait resilience individuals tend to either over or underregulate themselves (Block and Kreman 1996; Tugade and Fredrickson 2007).”

“, 2013) and mental health (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2007; Tugade, 2011), and, more generally, in terms of positive selfperceptions (Gloria et al.”

“Similar to the emergence of research on wisdom and happiness, several recent studies published in the Journal of Happiness Studies examined the role of emotional intelligence for people’s happiness (Augusto-Landa et al. 2011; Hafen et al. 2011; Koydemir et al. in press; Tugade and Fredrickson 2007).”

“Capitalization and positive work reflection, as positive appraisals of an experience, may serve as activating cognitive behaviours that help to develop new personal and social resources which in turn benefit the employee (Fritz & Sonnentag, 2006; Gable et al., 2004; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“The regulation of positive emotions has also been linked to resilience to the extent that they counteract negative emotional experiences and enhance thoughts and actions (Fredrickson, 2001; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“In the group of young people, resilience is associated with the ability to regulate emotions and to deal with problems focused on the task and the problem itself [14,15].”

“And, in particular, past work by our team has found positive emotions to mediate the link between trait resilience and mental health (Fredrickson et al., 2003; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”

“Such an emotional balance corresponds to the notion that psychologically resilient people, those peoplewho are able to efficiently adapt themselves to changing situational demands and thus able to cope with stressful events, do so by enhancing positive as well as reducing negative emotions (Tugade and Fredrickson, 200…”

“Individuals with high trait resilience have a greater ability to dynamically and appropriately self regulate themselves than individuals with low trait resilience (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2007).”

“In addition, the concept of ER is used to refer to the processes for strengthening, reducing, as well as controlling or maintaining both positive and negative emotions (Denham 1998; Gross 2013; Tugade and Fredrickson 2007).”