Extending Religion-Health Research to Secular Minorities: Issues and Concerns

Hwang, Karen; Hammer, Joseph H.; Cragun, Ryan T.

doi:10.1007/s10943-009-9296-0

Cited by 92Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyReligion and Society InteractionsStudy and Philosophy of Religion

Extending Religion-Health Research to Secular Minorities: Issues and Concerns

Hwang, Karen, Hammer, Joseph H., Cragun, Ryan T.·2011·Journal of Religion and Health

DOI 10.1007/s10943-009-9296-0

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Abstract

Claims about religion's beneficial effects on physical and psychological health have received substantial attention in popular media, but empirical support for these claims is mixed. Many of these claims are tenuous because they fail to address basic methodological issues relating to construct validity, sampling methods or analytical problems. A more conceptual problem has to do with the near universal lack of atheist control samples. While many studies include samples of individuals classified as "low spirituality" or religious "nones", these groups are heterogeneous and contain only a fraction of members who would be considered truly secular. We illustrate the importance of including an atheist control group whenever possible in the religiosity/spirituality and health research and discuss areas for further investigation.

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Peer-reviewed research indicates a magnitude of associations between RS and health outcomes ranging from small to large.
“peer-reviewed research appears to indicate a magnitude of associations between RS and health outcomes ranging from “small” to “large” (Hwang et al., 2011).”
From Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine (2017) · cites this paper as Hwang et al., 2011

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Religious Stage Development Among Converts to Different Religious Groups
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Exploring the Structure and Salience of Stereotypes
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Waiting for a Miracle … Miracles, Miraclism, and Discrimination
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Moral Codes of American and Korean College Students
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Spirituality and HIV Disease Progression
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No Religion: A Profile of America's Unchurched
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Forms, Frequency, and Correlates of Perceived Anti-Atheist Discrimination
Hammer, J. H., Cragun, R. T., Hwang, K., & Smith, J. M. (2012) · Secularism and Nonreligion · doi:10.5334/snr.ad · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citation
Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health
Dein, S. L., Cook, C. C. H., & Koenig, H. G. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31826b6dle · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Meaning-Making in an Atheist World
Schnell, T., & Keenan, W. J. F. (2011) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/157361211x564611 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Advancing our understanding of religion and spirituality in the context of behavioral medicine
Park, C. L., Masters, K. S., Salsman, J. M., Wachholtz, A., Clements, A. D., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Trevino, K., & Wischenka, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9755-5 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Minority stress and the moderating role of religious coping among religious and spiritual sexual minority individuals.
Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Foster, A. B., Esposito, J., & Robinson, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000121 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Whose Moral Community? Religiosity, Secularity, and Self-rated Health across Communal Religious Contexts
Stroope, S., & Baker, J. O. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518755698 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Exploring the atheist personality: well-being, awe, and magical thinking in atheists, Buddhists, and Christians
Caldwell‐Harris, C. L., Wilson, A. L., LoTempio, E. R., & Beit‐Hallahmi, B. (2010) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2010.509847 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Importance of Religion or Spirituality and Mental Health in Canada
Dilmaghani, M. (2017) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0385-1 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
How Religious Coping is Used Relative to Other Coping Strategies Depends on the Individual’s Level of Religiosity and Spirituality
Krägeloh, C. U., Chai, P. P. M., Shepherd, D., & Billington, R. (2010) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-010-9416-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Against the Stream: religion and mental health – the case for the inclusion of religion and spirituality into psychiatric care
Dein, S. L. (2018) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2017.13 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography among Religious Believers and Nonbelievers
Bradley, D. F., Grubbs, J. B., Uzdavines, A., Exline, J. J., & Pargäment, K. I. (2016) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2016.1162237 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dogmatism and mental health: A comparison of the religious and secular.
Moore, J. T., & Leach, M. M. (2015) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000027 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Influence of Religiosity and Spirituality on Health in Canada: A Systematic Literature Review
Litalien, M., Atari, D. O., & Obasi, I. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01148-8 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Spiritual Struggles among Atheists: Links to Psychological Distress and Well-Being
Sedlar, A. E., Stauner, N., Pargäment, K. I., Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. B., & Bradley, D. F. (2018) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel9080242 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Perceptions of discrimination among atheists: Consequences for atheist identification, psychological and physical well-being.
Doane, M. J., & Elliott, M. (2014) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000015 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Mapping Religion's Other: A Review of the Study of Nonreligion and Secularity
Smith, J. M., & Cragun, R. T. (2019) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12597 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citation
Atheists, agnostics, and apostates.
Streib, H., & Klein, C. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14045-040 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
What’s God Got to Do with It? How Religiosity Predicts Atheists’ Health
Speed, D., & Fowler, K. (2015) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0083-9 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Emotional Well-Being Following Religious Conversion Among Women in Northeast Thailand
Charoenwong, S. C., Chirawatkul, S., & Manderson, L. H. (2015) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0176-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Unbelievable?! Theistic/Epistemological Viewpoint Affects Religion–Health Relationship
Speed, D. (2016) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0271-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dimensions of Secularity (DoS): An Open Inventory to Measure Facets of Secular Identities
Schnell, T. (2014) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2014.967541 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
What Do You Mean, “What Does It All Mean?” Atheism, Nonreligion, and Life Meaning
Speed, D., Coleman, T. J., III, & Langston, J. (2018) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244017754238 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Arrantly Absent
Brewster, M. E., Robinson, M. A., Sandil, R., Esposito, J., & Geiger, E. (2014) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000014528051 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Exploring the Relationship between Secularity and Marital Behavior
Dilmaghani, M. (2017) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2017.1403989 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hitting the Target: Why Existing Measures of “Religiousness” Are Really Reverse-Scored Measures of “Secularism”
Hall, D. E., Koenig, H. G., & Meador, K. G. (2008) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2008.08.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Exiters of religious fundamentalism: reconstruction of social support and relationships related to well-being
Nica, A. (2019) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2019.1636015 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Religious/Spiritual Beliefs and Subjective Well-Being: A Case-Based Comparative Cross-National Study
Pérez, S., & Rohde, D. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01550-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Personality and Social Integration Factors Distinguishing Nonreligious from Religious Groups: The Importance of Controlling for Attendance and Demographics
Galen, L. W., & Kloet, J. (2011) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/157361211x570047 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Making Meaning without a Maker: Secular Consciousness through Narrative and Cultural Practice
Smith, J. M., & Halligan, C. (2020) · Sociology of Religion · doi:10.1093/socrel/sraa016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Implications of Tamarkoz on stress, emotion, spirituality and heart rate
Bahadorani, N., Lee, J. W., & Martin, L. R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93470-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Measuring Spiritual Fitness: Atheist Military Personnel, Veterans, and Civilians
Hammer, J. H., Cragun, R. T., & Hwang, K. (2013) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000010 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Heretic, heal thyself! Atheism, nonreligion, and health.
Speed, D., & Hwang, K. (2017) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000158 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Religious and secular spirituality: Methodological implications of definitions for health research
Chagas, C., Martins, L. B., Machado, F. R., Zangari, W., & Galduróz, J. C. F. (2022) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2022.04.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Do religiosity and spirituality really matter for social, mental, and physical health?: A tale of two samples
Cragun, D. L., Cragun, R. T., Nathan, B., Sumerau, J. E., & Nowakowski, A. C. H. (2016) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2016.1198949 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nonreligion and Atheism
Cragun, R. T. (2016) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31395-5_16 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
What are atheists for? Hypotheses on the functions of non-belief in the evolution of religion
JOHNSON, D. D. P. (2012) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2012.667948 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Complex Simplicity: The Relationship of Religiosity and Nonreligiosity to Life Satisfaction
Pöhls, K. (2021) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12723 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Patients’ Needs of Religion/Spirituality Integration in Two Mental Health Clinics in the Netherlands
Amerongen-Meeuse, J. C. V. N., Schaap‐Jonker, H., Hennipman‐Herweijer, C., Anbeek, C., & Braam, A. W. (2018) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2018.1475522 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Religious/secular distance: How far apart are teenagers and their parents?
Cragun, R. T., Hammer, J. H., Nielsen, M. E., & Autz, N. (2018) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000205 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Coping with COVID-19: An Examination of the Role of (Non)Religiousness/(Non)Spirituality
Abbott, D. M., & Franks, A. S. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01284-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Questions You Should Never Ask an Atheist: Towards Better Measures of Nonreligion and Secularity
Cragun, R. T. (2019) · Secularism and Nonreligion · doi:10.5334/snr.122 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Rise of the Nones
Zuckerman, P. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137465306.0008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
With a little help from my (Canadian) friends: Health differences between minimal and maximal religiosity/spirituality are partially mediated by social support
Speed, D., Barry, C., & Cragun, R. T. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113387 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Non-religion, atheism, and mental health
Farias, M., & Coleman, T. J., III (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198846833.003.0016 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Religiously/Spiritually Involved, but in Doubt or Disbelief—Why? Healthy?
Mrdjenovich, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0711-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Changes in Spiritual but Not Religious Identity and Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood in the United States: Pathways to Health Sameness?
Upenieks, L., & Ford‐Robertson, J. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01540-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Throw BABE Out With the Bathwater? Canadian Atheists are No Less Healthy than the Religious
Speed, D. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01558-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Facing death without religion: how non-religious elders imagine death and how that shapes their lives
Manning, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging · doi:10.1080/15528030.2023.2243855 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
More than Nothing: Examining the Worldview Influences of Nonreligious College Students
Scheitle, C. P., & Corcoran, K. E. (2019) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1007/s13644-019-00391-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Influence of religiosity on self-reported response to psychological therapies
Paterson, J., & Francis, A. J. P. (2017) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2017.1355898 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Spiritual Caregiving and Assessments for America’s Religious ‘Nones’: A Chaplaincy Perspective
Potts, G. W., Hewitt, S., Moore, M., Mui, A., & Lubrano, B. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01757-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Methodological and ethical challenges while conducting qualitative research on spirituality and end of life in a Muslim context: a guide to novice researchers
Lalani, N. S., & Ali, G. (2020) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2020.26.7.362 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Godless in the Great White North: Assessing the Health of Canadian Atheists Using Data from the 2011/2012 Canadian Community Health Survey
Speed, D. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01169-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
UNTANGLING FALSE ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING ATHEISM AND HEALTH
Morgan, J. (2013) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01316.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Physical health in a Canadian Old Order Mennonite community
Fisher, K., Newbold, K. B., Eyles, J. D., & Elliott, S. J. (2013) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh2252 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Is Irreligion a Risk Factor for Suicidality? Findings from the Nashville Stress and Health Study
Daniels, C. L., Ellison, C. G., DeAngelis, R. T., & Klee, K. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01906-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
(Non)Religious Coping with a Natural Disaster in a Rural U.S. Community
Abbott, D. M., Franks, A. S., Cook, C., & Mercier, C. M. (2021) · Secularism and Nonreligion · doi:10.5334/snr.139 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mental health in a Canadian Old Order Mennonite community
Fisher, K., Newbold, K. B., Eyles, J. D., & Elliott, S. J. (2013) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2013.53a073 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Spiritual Care and Nurture of the Non-religious in the Caring Professions
Watson, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31380-1_5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Adaptation and validity evidence of the Dimensions of Secularity (DoS) Scale for the Brazilian population
Chagas, C., Strelhow, M. R. W., Zangari, W., & Galduróz, J. C. F. (2022) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2021.2013788 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Investigating the Hypothesis of the Strength of Religious and Atheistic Belief for Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption in Heterosexual and LGBTQIA+ People
Chagas, C., Martins, L. B., de Paula, T. C. S., Zangari, W., & Galduróz, J. C. F. (2024) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2024.2439716 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Healthy Aging in a Religious Congregation: A Study About Lifestyles and Health Behaviors Among Consecrated Women in Poland and Other Countries
Teodorczyk, P., Najechalski, P., Walędziak, M. S., & Różańska-Walędziak, A. M. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13080882 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thematic Evolution and Scholarly Contributions: A Study of the Top 100 Most Cited Papers in the Journal of Religion and Health
Abdelwahab, S. İ., Taha, M. M. E., Farasani, A. M., Jerah, A. A., Abdullah, S. M., Oraibi, B., Babiker, Y. O. H., Alfaifi, H. A., Alzahrani, A. H., Alamer, A. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02203-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oncology and Suffering: Strategies on Coping With Grief for Health Care Professionals
Brenner, K. O., Nathanson, A., & Sławkowski-Rode, M. (2025) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk-25-482244 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Protective Influence of Parental Monitoring and Ideological Religiosity on Adolescents’ Hazardous Alcohol Use
Jankowski, P. J., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01510-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exiters of Religious Fundamentalism: Reconstruction of Identity, Social Relationships and Support, and Meaning Related to Well-Being
Nica, A. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.6288 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Relationship between Optimism and Life Expectancy with Family Function among Parents with Disabled Children
Esfahan, M. M., & Rostami, A. (2016) · Modern Applied Science · doi:10.5539/mas.v10n6p188 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
God May save your Life, but you have to Find your Own Keys
Cragun, R. T., & Sumerau, J. E. (2015) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/15736121-12341307 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dogmatism, coping, and spirituality : predicting mental health among the religious and the secular.
Moore, J. (2014) · doi:10.18297/etd/1004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effect of being religious on wellbeing in a predominantly atheist country: Explorative study on wellbeing, fitness, physical and mental healthPreprint
Kopecký, R., Boschetti, S., & Jaroslav Flegr, A. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3kr6n · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Relationship between primary care access through free clinics and emergency room usage
Trask, J. T. (2011) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ritually faking belief
Rossano, M. J. (2012) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2012.667952 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Purpose in Life: a Comparison between Communities of the Non-religious and the Religious
Robbins, M., & Longden, G. (2024) · Journal of Empirical Theology · doi:10.1163/15709256-20240003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Meaning-making and well-being among exiters of religious fundamentalism
Nica, A. (2024) · Journal of Contemporary Religion · doi:10.1080/13537903.2024.2359298 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
If not belief in God, then what? Identifying factors that contribute to well-being among Polish nonbelievers
Łowicki, P., & Barker, S. B. (2024) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1177/00846724241279441 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Religiosity is Declining BUT Giving is Increasing: Can the Nonreligious Really Be Less Generous?
Cragun, R. T., Rodriguez, A., Smith, J., & Speed, D. (2026) · Secularism and Nonreligion · doi:10.5334/snr.164 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comparing Evaluations of Atheists, Agnostics, and Theists: Evidence for Belief-Based Ingroup Favoritism
Cragun, R. T. (2026) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2026.2675189 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring How Christians and Atheists Deal with Issues Related to Their Disability
Salkas, K., & Gill, C. (2016) · Journal of Disability & Religion · doi:10.1080/23312521.2016.1152934 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy on Body Image and Social Phobia in People with Physical Disabilities
AghUsefi, A., Khani, Z. O., & Moghadam, M. F. (2017) · مجله مطالعات ناتوانی (علمی- پژوهشی) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between religiosity and individual well- being in Poland before and during the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Kiszkiel, Ł., Sowa, P., Laskowski, P. P., Łowicki, P., Alimowski, M., Moniuszko-Malinowska, A. M., Szczerbiński, Ł., Sołomacha, S., Talomt-Kaminski, K., & Kamiński, K. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2646487/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG HANDICAPPED COMMUNITY MEMBER
Ghahremani, Z., Heidari, N., Shabani, M., Agvami, & Hariri, M. (2014) · Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
The sleep of reason: do atheists improve the stock?
McKay, R., & Dennett, D. C. (2012) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2012.667951
Development of a Theistic-Atheistic Strength of Worldview Scale
Robele, J. (2015) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University)
Spontaneous mystical experiences, mental health, and wellbeing: A qualitative study among atheist young adults
van der Tempel, J. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Finding the Missing Atheists
Burge, R. P., & Smothers, H. (2020) · Secularism and Nonreligion · doi:10.5334/snr.138
Fishing in a Puddle of Doubt and Disbelief?: A Rejoinder to the Speed et al. Commentary
Mrdjenovich, A. J. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01200-1
A Study on the Impact of Formal Social Support on the Mental Health of the Elderly in Urban and Rural China: Based on the 2015 CHARLS Data
Li, D. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62746-1_90
Vision nouvelle du contrôle des inspirations : études anatomo-pathologiques de souris présentant un déficit de l'amplitude respiratoire
Wrobel, L. J. (2007) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Smudging, Yoga and Ethical Veganism: Exploring the Boundaries of Religious and Spiritual Practice in Law
Beaman, L. G., & Strumos, L. (2022) · Religion, spirituality and health: a social scientific approach · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06263-6_5
Fundamentalism and Hope in a Religiously Diverse Sample in the United States
Warlick, C. A., Alsayer, A. A., Shumate, C., & Templin, J. L. (2025) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-025-01212-8
“Take What You Like, and Leave the Rest”: A Qualitative Examination of How the Nonreligious Navigate Recovery in Alcoholics Anonymous in the United States
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Authors: Hwang, K., Hammer, J. H., & Cragun, R. T.
Affiliations: Kessler Foundation (US)
Iowa State University (US)
University of Tampa (US)
Corresponding author: Hwang, Karen
ORCID: Hammer, Joseph H.
Cragun, Ryan T.
Venue: Journal of Religion and Health
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-10-28
Volume: 50
Issue: 3
Pages: 608-622
ISSN: 0022-4197 (ISSN-L)
1573-6571
DOI: 10.1007/s10943-009-9296-0
OpenAlex: W2005211471
Cited by: 92
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 3.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Religion and Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
Keywords: religion and health, atheists, religious nones, construct validity, sampling methods, control groups, religiosity, spirituality, physical health, mental health
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Religion and Medicine, Research, United States, Spirituality, Secularism

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Extending Religion-Health Research to Secular Minorities: Issues and Concerns

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