Genetically modified crops and aquatic ecosystems: considerations for environmental risk assessment and non-target organism testing
Open accessAbstract
Environmental risk assessments (ERA) support regulatory decisions for the commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops. The ERA for terrestrial agroecosystems is well-developed, whereas guidance for ERA of GM crops in aquatic ecosystems is not as well-defined. The purpose of this document is to demonstrate how comprehensive problem formulation can be used to develop a conceptual model and to identify potential exposure pathways, using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize as a case study. Within problem formulation, the insecticidal trait, the crop, the receiving environment, and protection goals were characterized, and a conceptual model was developed to identify routes through which aquatic organisms may be exposed to insecticidal proteins in maize tissue. Following a tiered approach for exposure assessment, worst-case exposures were estimated using standardized models, and factors mitigating exposure were described. Based on exposure estimates, shredders were identified as the functional group most likely to be exposed to insecticidal proteins. However, even using worst-case assumptions, the exposure of shredders to Bt maize was low and studies supporting the current risk assessments were deemed adequate. Determining if early tier toxicity studies are necessary to inform the risk assessment for a specific GM crop should be done on a case by case basis, and should be guided by thorough problem formulation and exposure assessment. The processes used to develop the Bt maize case study are intended to serve as a model for performing risk assessments on future traits and crops.
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Bt protein concentrations in aquatic systems are expected to be very low due to a huge dilution effect of running water.
“Bt protein concentrations in aquatic systems, however, are expected to be very low due to a huge dilution effect of the running water (Carstens et al., 2012;Tank et al., 2010).”
From Genetically engineered crops help support conservation biological control (2019) · cites this paper as Carstens et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Carstens, K., Anderson, J., Bachman, P., De Schrijver, A., Dively, G., Federici, B., Hamer, M., Gielkens, M., Jensen, P., Lamp, W., Rauschen, S., Ridley, G., Romeis, J., & Waggoner, A.
- Affiliations
- Pioneer Hi-Bred (US)
- Monsanto (United States) (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Syngenta (United Kingdom) (GB)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Agroscope (CH)
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carstens, Keri
- ORCID
- Venue
- Transgenic Research
- Published
- 2011-11-26
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 813-842
- ISSN
- 0962-8819 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-9368
- PMC
- PMC3394238
- OpenAlex
- W2035236210
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Transgenic Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Australian Government
- Attorney-General's Department, Australian Government
- National Agricultural Statistics Service
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Keywords
- genetically modified crops, aquatic ecosystems, environmental risk assessment, non-target organisms, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt maize, insecticidal proteins, problem formulation, conceptual model, exposure pathways, shredders, exposure assessment, tiered risk assessment, aquatic invertebrates
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, Butterflies, Zea mays, Environment, Humans, Research Design, Risk Assessment, Plants, Genetically Modified, Hydrobiology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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