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Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern

Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K.·2006·Water Resources Management

DOI 10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x

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Allan JA (1993) Fortunately there are substitutes for water otherwise our hydro-political futures would be impossible. In: Priorities for water resources allocation and management, ODA, London, pp 13–26
Haddadin MJ (2003) Exogenous water: A conduit to globalization of water resources. In: Hoekstra AY (ed) Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 12, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands, http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report12.pdf http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report12.pdf

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Background
Biophysical and economic water productivity of dual-purpose cattle farming
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“’ The equivalent virtual water corresponding to off-farm feed resources (mainly cereal grains and bran) was obtained from international references (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007): 1 m(3) of water per kilogram of cereal grains.”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Thus, WF represents the distribution of water with virtual water trading (Chapagain and Hoekstra 2007 ; Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007 ).”
Background
Studies on Virtual Water Content of Urban Buildings in India
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“Based on related studies [74,75] and the conditions on the ground in the Aksu River Basin, the VWC of all agricultural products types are listed in Table 3.”
Background
Water footprint inventory database of Thai rice farming for water policy decisions and water scarcity footprint label
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Virtual water flows, water footprint and water savings from the trade of crop and livestock products of Germany
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Green and Blue Water Footprint Accounting for Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Primary Region of Mexico
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The consideration of time step in calculating grey water footprints of agricultural cropping systems
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“KeyparameterssuchasPD 59 , HI o 60 – 62 , crop growth stages 56,63 , maximum root depth ( Z x , m) 64 , and WP * 56 , were reset according to related literatures, considering different crops and cropping modes, and validated to be reliable and applicable in large-scale studies 58,65 .”
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“Center pivot and linear moves cover more than half of the irrigated land in the USA (Hancock et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
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“The green water footprint is the amount of rainwater that transpires during the production process; the blue water footprint is the amount of surface water and groundwater consumed, and the gray water footprint is the amount of water resources polluted (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2006).”
Background
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“Referring to the formula of the grey water footprint described in the “Water Footprint Evaluation Handbook” (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007), which is determined by the pollutant that produces the largest grey water footprint in agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses.”
Method
Water-Quality Analysis of an Intensively Used On-Farm Storage Reservoir in the Northeast Arkansas Delta
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“70 % of the world’s freshwater resources equating to a total global water use of 7980 Gm year (Pimentel et al. 2004; Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007).”
Background
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Background
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“However, even in countries that rely heavily on virtual water imports such as Egypt, Jordan, Libya, and Israel, agriculture is a major water consumer (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007; Hoekstra and Mekonnen, 2012; IWA, 2012; FAO, 2015).”
Background

Authors: Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K.
Affiliations: University of Twente (NL)
IHE Delft Institute for Water Education (NL)
Corresponding author: Hoekstra, A. Y.
ORCID: Hoekstra, A. Y.
Chapagain, A. K.
Venue: Water Resources Management
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-06-27
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-48
ISSN: 0920-4741 (ISSN-L)
1573-1650
DOI: 10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x
OpenAlex: W2102620549
Cited by: 1,458
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 71
FWCI: 40.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Water Resources Management (publishedVersion)
University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
Keywords: water footprint, consumption patterns, household water use, gross national income, meat consumption, agricultural water use efficiency, water use efficiency, global water use

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