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Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern

Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K.·2006·Water Resources Management

DOI 10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x

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Allan JA (1993) Fortunately there are substitutes for water otherwise our hydro-political futures would be impossible. In: Priorities for water resources allocation and management, ODA, London, pp 13–26
Haddadin MJ (2003) Exogenous water: A conduit to globalization of water resources. In: Hoekstra AY (ed) Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 12, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands, http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report12.pdf http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report12.pdf

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“To produce 1 kg of beef, 15,497 litres of water are required, while pigs need 3,918 litres (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2006). Oonincx and De Boer (2012) quantified energy use and land-use area throughout the mealworm production chain and found that the energy used to produce 1 kg of mealworm protein was almost similar an…”
Background
Decomposition of the Urban Water Footprint of Food Consumption: A Case Study of Xiamen City
Kang, J., Lin, J., Zhao, X., Zhao, S., & Kou, L. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9010135 · Cited by 28
Dynamic simulation of the water-energy-food nexus (WEFN) based on a new nexus in arid zone: A case study in Ningxia, China
Gao, H., Liu, X., Wei, L., Li, X., & Li, J. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165593 · Cited by 28
Optimizing diet and pasture management to improve sustainability of U.S. beef production
White, R. R., Brady, M., Capper, J. L., & Johnson, K. A. (2014) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2014.06.004 · Cited by 28
“A different water foot printing methodology estimated substantially more water use attributable to beef (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007) because different water sources (i.”
Background
Field‐based experimental water footprint study of sunflower growth in a semi‐arid region of China
Qin, L., Jin, Y., Duan, P., & He, H. S. (2016) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.7726 · Cited by 28
Impacts of urban transformation on water footprint and sustainable energy in Shanghai, China
Zhang, F., Zhan, J., Li, Z., Jia, S., & Chen, S. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.157 · Cited by 28
From water footprint to climate change adaptation: Capacity development with teenagers to save water
Haida, C., Chapagain, A. K., Rauch, W. A., Riede, M., & Schneider, K. (2018) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.043 · Cited by 28
Blue revolution turning green? A global concern of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in freshwater aquaculture: A literature review
Drobac, D., & Tokodi, N. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121115 · Cited by 30
Life Cycle Water Footprint Analysis for Rapeseed Derived Jet Fuel in North Dakota
Shi, R., Ukaew, S., Archer, D. W., Lee, J. H., Pearlson, M. N., Lewis, K. C., & Shonnard, D. R. (2017) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02956 · Cited by 27
A holistic framework to assess the sustainability of irrigated agricultural systems
Antunes, P., Santos, R. F., Cosme, I., Osann, A., Calera, A., Ketelaere, D. D., Spiteri, A., Mejuto, M. F., Andreu, J., Momblanch, A., et al. (2017) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2017.1323542 · Cited by 27
“The water footprint (Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2007) of the cultivated crops and the virtual water balance (Allan, 1998; Hoekstra & Hung, 2005) for the area are very useful and powerful indicators in this dimension, but they may be difficult to operationalize in many cases.”
Background
Life-cycle water uses for energy consumption of Chinese households from 2002 to 2015
Liao, X., Chai, L., Ji, J., Mi, Z., Guan, D., & Zhao, X. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.109 · Cited by 27
“Water footprint has been proposed as 95 an indicator to quantify such impacts (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2006; Hoekstra et al., 96 2011).”
Background
Optimal location of yield with the cheapest water footprint of the crop using multiple regression and artificial neural network models in GIS
Mokarram, M., Zarei, A. R., & Etedali, H. R. (2020) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-020-03413-y · Cited by 27
“…as the volume of water consumed or polluted in the whole production process of one single product and is served as an indicator of the amount of freshwater allocated to different sectors in industry and production (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2006; Hoekstra and Chapagain 2008; Ababaei and Etedali 2017).”
Background
Water Footprint and Virtual Water Trade of Maize in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Arrien, M. M., Aldaya, M. M., & Rodríguez, C. I. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13131769 · Cited by 27
Application of Virtual Water Trade to Evaluate Cropping Pattern in Arid Regions
Karandish, F., Salari, S., & Darzi‐Naftchali, A. (2015) · Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s11269-015-1045-4 · Cited by 27
“Many researches introduced the water trading as a water-saving option in many parts of the world; such as Morocco and the Netherlands (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007); Southeast of England (Yu et al.”
Background
Adaptation to Climate Change: Challenges for Transboundary Water Management
Timmerman, J. G., Koeppel, S., Bernardini, F., & Buntsma, J. J. (2010) · Climate change management · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14776-0_32 · Cited by 26
“The concept, for instance, of virtual water/water footprint (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007) tries to capture these implications by enabling comparison of such non-equivalent entities.”
Background
INSTITUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF GOVERNANCE OF LOCAL COMMON POOL RESOURCES ON LIVESTOCK WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN ETHIOPIA
Deneke, T. T., Mapedza, E., & Amede, T. (2011) · Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1017/s0014479710000864 · Cited by 27
“I N T RO D U C T I O N Livestock production potentially consumes much water (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007) and threatens sustainable water use.”
Background
Tourism water footprint: an empirical analysis of Mount Huangshan
Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, H., & Qing, T. (2017) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2017.1369134 · Cited by 27
“According to the data from Huangshan Management Committee, the arrival of Mount Huangshan in 2012 was 3,007,570, then we got the water footprint per tourist as 3.39 m3/day, which was higher than the Chinese water footprint per capita of 1.92 m3/day (Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2007).”
MethodInfluential
Effect of land use change for bioenergy production on feedstock cost and water quality
Zhong, J., Yu, T.-H. “., Clark, C. D., English, B. C., Larson, J. A., & Cheng, C. (2017) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.070 · Cited by 27
Organic cotton: production practices and post-harvest considerations
Wakelyn, P. J., & Chaudhry, M. R. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845696948.2.231 · Cited by 27
Integrating Ecological, Carbon and Water Footprint: Defining the Footprint Family and its application in tracking human pressure on the planet
Galli, A., Wiedmann, T., Ercin, E., Knoblauch, D., Ewing, B., & Giljum, S. (2011) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 27
Will There be a Shale Gas Revolution in China by 2020?
Gao, F. (2012) · doi:10.26889/9781907555459 · Cited by 27
Water footprint concept, approaches, and applications: A comprehensive review for the agricultural sector
Demir, M. S., & Muratoğlu, A. (2025) · Water and Environment Journal · doi:10.1111/wej.12968 · Cited by 26
Local-scale systems input-output analysis of embodied water for the Beijing economy in 2007
Han, M., Guo, S., Chen, H., Ji, X., & Li, J. (2014) · Frontiers of Earth Science · doi:10.1007/s11707-014-0430-2 · Cited by 26
Water Use Efficiency by Switchgrass Compared to a Native Grass or a Native Grass Alfalfa Mixture
Hendrickson, J., Schmer, M. R., & Sanderson, M. A. (2013) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-012-9290-3 · Cited by 26
“Globally, agriculture is the largest user of freshwater resources [1, 2], and there are concerns about how biofuel production may impact water consumption and quality [3].”
Background

Authors: Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K.
Affiliations: University of Twente (NL)
IHE Delft Institute for Water Education (NL)
Corresponding author: Hoekstra, A. Y.
ORCID: Hoekstra, A. Y.
Chapagain, A. K.
Venue: Water Resources Management
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-06-27
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-48
ISSN: 0920-4741 (ISSN-L)
1573-1650
DOI: 10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x
OpenAlex: W2102620549
Cited by: 1,458
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 71
FWCI: 40.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Water Resources Management (publishedVersion)
University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
Keywords: water footprint, consumption patterns, household water use, gross national income, meat consumption, agricultural water use efficiency, water use efficiency, global water use

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Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern

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