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Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern
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“Increasing sodium intake well beyond physiological requirements increases BP (241–243) and CVD mortality (95–97).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [95]
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Cites
Crop evapotranspiration : guidelines for computing crop water requirements
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Globalisation of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade
Hoekstra, A. Y., & Hung, P.-Y. (2004) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.06.004 · Cited by 724
Chapagain, A. K., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2004) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 403
Water in the Arab world: perspectives and prognoses.
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Cited by
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The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2011) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011 · Cited by 3,023
“Chapagain and Hoekstra (2004) and Hoekstra and Chapagain (2007, 2008) improved this study in a number of respects, but still did not explicitly distinguish between green and blue water consumption.”
BackgroundThe water footprint of humanity
Hoekstra, A. Y., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1109936109 · Cited by 2,405
Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change
Hanjra, M. A., & Qureshi, M. E. (2010) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006 · Cited by 1,387
“The volume of water imported and exported by six major importing and exporting countries is shown by Table 3 (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2012) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-011-9517-8 · Cited by 1,395
A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies: approaches, shortcomings and the road ahead
Seppelt, R., Dormann, C. F., Eppink, F. V., Lautenbach, S., & Schmidt, S. (2011) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01952.x · Cited by 1,046
“Thus, ecosystem service research seems to be currently driven to seek available approaches akin to the ecological footprint (Wackernagel et al. 2002) or the water footprint (Hoekstra & Chapagain 2006).”
BackgroundGalli, A., Wiedmann, T., Ercin, E., Knoblauch, D., Ewing, B., & Giljum, S. (2011) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.017 · Cited by 979
Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system
Rost, S., Gerten, D., Bondeau, A., Lucht, W., Rohwer, J., & Schaphoff, S. (2008) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2007wr006331 · Cited by 880
A Review of Footprint analysis tools for monitoring impacts on sustainability
Čuček, L., Klemeš, J. J., & Kravanja, Z. (2012) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.036 · Cited by 832
The water footprint of bioenergy
Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A. Y., & van der Meer, T. H. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0812619106 · Cited by 774
“In the most extreme cases, this study found crop water requirements that were a factor of 2 different from earlier studies (12, 13, 27), whereas at other times the results were similar.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAssessing tourism's global environmental impact 1900–2050
Gössling, S., & Peeters, P. (2015) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1008500 · Cited by 787
“…in global biogeochemical processes, such as nitrogen cycles (Vitousek et al., 1997); water consumption (Chapagain & Hoekstra, 2007, 2008; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2007); the use of substances potentially harmful to human health, such as pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides (Koutros et al., 2008),…”
BackgroundPopkin, B. M., & Ng, S. W. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13366 · Cited by 776
Meat analogues: Health promising sustainable meat substitutes
Kumar, P., Chatli, M. K., Mehta, N. R., Singh, P., Malav, O. P., & Verma, A. K. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.939739 · Cited by 598
“(2006), Hoekstra and Chapagains (2007) Grain (per kg meat) 2 7 4 Rosegrant et al.”
BackgroundNon-renewable groundwater use and groundwater depletion: a review
Bierkens, M. F. P., & Wada, Y. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab1a5f · Cited by 652
Obesity and the food system transformation in Latin America
Popkin, B. M., & Reardon, T. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12694 · Cited by 629
Anand, S. S., Hawkes, C., de Souza, R. J., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Nugent, R., Zulyniak, M. A., Weis, T., Bernstein, A. M., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.050 · Cited by 507
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual
Aldaya, M. M., Chapagain, A. K., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849775526 · Cited by 583
Second generation biofuels: Economics and policies
Carriquiry, M., Du, X., & Timilsina, G. R. (2011) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.036 · Cited by 493
Chapagain, A. K., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2008) · Water International · doi:10.1080/02508060801927812 · Cited by 484
Siché, R., Pereira, L. G., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2009) · Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation · doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.10.027 · Cited by 472
“Water use is an important issue around the world and it is being considered in some methodologies that include it as a relevant category, such as material flow accounting [39] and water footprint [15,10].”
BackgroundEshel, G., Shepon, A., Makov, T., & Milo, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1402183111 · Cited by 466
Zhang, C., & Anadón, L. D. (2014) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.006 · Cited by 447
Spatial and Temporal Trends of Global Pollination Benefit
Lautenbach, S., Seppelt, R., Liebscher, J., & Dormann, C. F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035954 · Cited by 477
“An analysis of trade effects similar to the water footprint [60,61] would be an important next step in the analysis of global pollination benefits.”
BackgroundGerbens-Leenes, P. W., Hoekstra, A. Y., & van der Meer, T. H. (2008) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.07.013 · Cited by 438
THE GREEN, BLUE AND GREY WATER FOOTPRINT OF FARM ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
Mekonnen, M. M., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2010) · Cited by 436
Water footprint benchmarks for crop production: A first global assessment
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2014) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.06.013 · Cited by 446
A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2010) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-14-1259-2010 · Cited by 425
“Hoekstra and Chapagain (2007, 2008) improved this first study in a number of respects and studied the period 1997–2001.”
BackgroundFood security: contributions from science to a new and greener revolution
Beddington, J. R. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0201 · Cited by 426
“Estimates suggest that exported foods account for around 16–26% of the total water used for food production worldwide, suggesting significant potential for more efficient global use of water via trade (Zimmer & Renault 2003; Hoekstra & Chapagain 2007).”
BackgroundHoekstra, A. Y. (2008) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.021 · Cited by 412
“Reducing water footprints through adjusting consumption patterns is one option, but reducing water footprints by producing where the climate is most suitable and by using water more efficiently are two other important options to be considered ( Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007a, 2008 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBernués, A., Ruiz, R., Tolosana, A. O., Mata, D. V., & Casasús, I. (2011) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.018 · Cited by 392
““Virtual water” embedded in feed production, mainly related to environmental damage from industrialised livestock production and trade, is very large (Galloway et al., 2007; Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007).”
BackgroundThe Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability
Gössling, S., Hall, C. M., & Scott, D. J. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203072332 · Cited by 409
Water Footprint Assessment: Evolvement of a New Research Field
Hoekstra, A. Y. (2017) · Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s11269-017-1618-5 · Cited by 410
China’s food loss and waste embodies increasing environmental impacts
Xue, L., Liu, X., Lu, S., Cheng, G., Hu, Y., Liu, J., Dou, Z., Cheng, S., & Liu, G. (2021) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-021-00317-6 · Cited by 379
Hubacek, K., Guan, D., Barrett, J., & Wiedmann, T. (2009) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.03.011 · Cited by 362
“and other large-scale social transitions in Asia [ 4-6 ].”
BackgroundPopkin, B. M., Barquera, S., Corvalan, C., Hofman, K. J., Monteiro, C., Ng, S. W., Swart, E. C., & Taillie, L. S. (2021) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00078-4 · Cited by 328
Brazilian Atlantic forest: impact, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change
Scarano, F. R., & Ceotto, P. C. (2015) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0972-y · Cited by 364
“These numbers are reason for concern given that Brazil is one of the eight nations that altogether respond for 50 % of the water footprint of the planet (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007) and irrigation for agriculture is responsible for 72 % of the water consumption in the country (ANA 2013).”
BackgroundAn Introduction to Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis
Kitzes, J. A. (2013) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources2040489 · Cited by 357
“recently used for analysis of the global carbon [1–5], water [6,7], ecological [8–10], nitrogen [11] and biodiversity/wildlife footprints [12,13].”
MethodHuman–water interface in hydrological modelling: current status and future directions
Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P., de Roo, A. P. J., Dirmeyer, P. A., Famiglietti, J. S., Hanasaki, N., Konar, M., Liu, J., Schmied, H. M., Oki, T., et al. (2017) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-21-4169-2017 · Cited by 373
“, 2010; Konikow, 2011), and these amounts have increased from ∼ 500 to ∼ 4000 km3 yr−1 over the last 100 years (Oki and Kanae, 2006; Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007; Hanasaki et al., 2008a, b; Wada et al., 2014).”
COMPARISON OF BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN APPROACHES TO CALCULATING THE WATER FOOTPRINTS OF NATIONS
Feng, K., Chapagain, A. K., Suh, S., Pfister, S., & Hubacek, K. (2011) · Economic Systems Research · doi:10.1080/09535314.2011.638276 · Cited by 364
“…discussed as a potential sustainability indicator for human-induced water consumption and has been frequently studied at local, national and international scales (e.g. Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2004; Feng et al., 2011a, 2011b; Yu et al., 2010; Aldaya and Llamas, 2008; Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007).”
BackgroundPossibilities for an in vitro meat production system
Datar, I., & Betti, M. (2009) · Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2009.10.007 · Cited by 347
Benedetto, L. D., & Klemeš, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.02.012 · Cited by 347
Food management in tourism: Reducing tourism’s carbon ‘foodprint’
Gössling, S., Garrod, B., Aall, C., Hille, J., & Peeters, P. (2010) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.04.006 · Cited by 344
A research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts
Kitzes, J. A., Galli, A., Bagliani, M. M., Barrett, J., Dige, G., Ede, S., Erb, K., Giljum, S., Haberl, H., Hails, C., et al. (2008) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.022 · Cited by 325
A Review of the Ecological Footprint Indicator—Perceptions and Methods
Wiedmann, T., & Barrett, J. (2010) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su2061645 · Cited by 339
“, [25-27]).”
Pawelzik, P. F., Carus, M., Hotchkiss, J., Narayan, R., Selke, S. E. M., Wellisch, M., Weiss, M., Wicke, B., & Patel, M. K. (2013) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.02.006 · Cited by 348
Chen, Z., & Chen, G. Q. (2012) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.07.024 · Cited by 319
Feng, K., Siu, Y. L., Guan, D., & Hubacek, K. (2011) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.08.004 · Cited by 318
“Table 8 shows that after tracing the supply chain effects, the share of water consumption for Crops is much smaller than usually claimed in the literature (e.g. Chapagain & Orr, 2008; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2007, 2008).”
BackgroundMembrane technology for water production in agriculture: Desalination and wastewater reuse
Quist-Jensen, C. A., Macedonio, F., & Drioli, E. (2015) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2015.03.001 · Cited by 304
Are we in deep water? Water scarcity and its limits to economic growth
Distefano, T., & Kelly, S. (2017) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.019 · Cited by 290
National water footprint in an input–output framework—A case study of China 2002
Zhao, X., Chen, B., & Yang, Z. F. (2008) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.09.016 · Cited by 283
The water consumption of energy production: an international comparison
Spang, E. S., Moomaw, W. R., Gallagher, K. S., Kirshen, P., & Marks, D. H. (2014) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105002 · Cited by 282
Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production: Patterns, Trends, and Planetary Boundaries
Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., & Krausmann, F. (2014) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-121912-094620 · Cited by 275
“Indicators in this family include the ecological footprint (42), the water footprint (139), the human appropriation of renewable freshwater (140, 141), the land footprint of human activities (142), and indicators of actual land demand (72, 143, 144).”
BackgroundStrategic importance of green water in international crop trade
Aldaya, M. M., Allan, J. A., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.001 · Cited by 265
“The virtual-water content of a product is calculated using the methodology developed by Hoekstra and Hung (2002, 2005), Chapagain and Hoekstra (2004) and Hoekstra and Chapagain (2007, 2008).”
MethodImported water risk: the case of the UK
Hoekstra, A. Y., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2016) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/055002 · Cited by 264
“Various global assessments of the WFs of nations and international VW flows have been published: Hoekstra and Hung (2002), Hoekstra and Chapagain (2007b, 2008), Fader et al (2011), Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011b), Hoekstra and Mekonnen (2012) and Chen and Chen (2013).”
BackgroundFader, M., Gerten, D., Thammer, M., Heinke, J., Lotze‐Campen, H., Lucht, W., & Crämer, W. (2011) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-15-1641-2011 · Cited by 259
“The CFT-specific comparison of GWFP with the global values of Siebert and D̈ oll (2010) yields a very good agreement, though LPJmL calculates lower values for temperate and tropical cereals, rice and soybeans (Table A1).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe development of biofuels in Asia
Zhou, A., & Thomson, E. (2009) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.028 · Cited by 255
Food consumption patterns and economic growth. Increasing affluence and the use of natural resources
Gerbens-Leenes, P. W., Nonhebel, S., & Krol, M. S. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.09.013 · Cited by 252
“In general, food items show large differences in the requirement for land (Gerbens-Leenes & Nonhebel, 2005), energy (Kramer, 2000) and freshwater (Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2007), resulting in substantial variations in requirements for natural resources between food consumption patterns.”
BackgroundTukker, A., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S., de Koning, A., Lutter, S., Simas, M., Stadler, K., & Wood, R. A. (2016) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.07.002 · Cited by 263
“This result is well in line with the earlier, separate footprint analyses referred to in the introduction (e.g. Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007; Davis and Caldeira, 2010; Bruckner et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultThe Water Footprint of Global Food Production
Mekonnen, M. M., & Gerbens-Leenes, P. W. (2020) · Water · doi:10.3390/w12102696 · Cited by 275
“The second global assessment made a number of improvements in terms of product coverage by including all crops and livestock products and other refinements [32,36].”
BackgroundThe impacts of household consumption and options for change
Tukker, A., Cohen, M. J., Hubacek, K., & Mont, O. (2010) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00208.x · Cited by 249
Huang, Z., Hejazi, M. I., Li, X., Tang, Q., Vernon, C., Leng, G., Liu, Y., Döll, P., Eisner, S., Gerten, D., et al. (2018) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-22-2117-2018 · Cited by 248
“Furthermore, temporal downscaling of domestic water withdrawal can benefit from considering additional factors besides air temperature , such as precipitation, population, and water availability to represent the seasonality of domestic water withdrawal (White et al., 1972; Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2006).”
The value of food waste: An exploratory study on retailing
Cicatiello, C., Franco, S., Pancino, B., & Blasi, E. (2016) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.01.004 · Cited by 270
Assessing regional and global water footprints for the UK
Yu, Y., Hubacek, K., Feng, K., & Guan, D. (2010) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.12.008 · Cited by 243
“The water footprint has recently been promoted as an important indicator for human water consumption (Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2004; Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007, 2008;WFN, 2008).”
BackgroundFood Losses and Waste in China and Their Implication for Water and Land
Liu, J., Lundqvist, J., Weinberg, J., & Gustafsson, J. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es401426b · Cited by 241
Ercin, E., Aldaya, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2010) · Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s11269-010-9723-8 · Cited by 235
“Agriculture as a whole is responsible for about 86% of the worldwide freshwater use (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007).”
BackgroundZhao, X., Yang, H., Yang, Z., Chen, B., & Qin, Y. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es100886r · Cited by 231
D’Odorico, P., Carr, J. A., Dalin, C., Dell’Angelo, J., Konar, M., Laio, F., Ridolfi, L., Rosa, L., Suweis, S. S., Tamea, S., et al. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab05f4 · Cited by 237
Environmental assessment of a territory: An overview of existing tools and methods
Loiseau, E., Junqua, G., Roux, P., & Maurel, V. B. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.024 · Cited by 231
Mapping of water footprint research: A bibliometric analysis during 2006–2015
Zhang, Y., Huang, K., Yu, Y., & Yang, B. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.067 · Cited by 230
“Based on a calculation of the WF for each nation of the world, their study found out four major direct factors that determine the WF of a country, including volume of consumption, consumption pattern, climate and agricultural practice (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialMealworms for Food: A Water Footprint Perspective
Miglietta, P. P., Leo, F. D., Ruberti, M., & Massari, S. (2015) · Water · doi:10.3390/w7116190 · Cited by 222
“Among the several available indicators able to take into account the water consumption of production cycles, the WF is relatively easy to calculate and communicate, and it allows us to compare different products and services on the basis of the volume of water required to produce them [13].”
BackgroundFood consumption patterns and their effect on water requirement in ChinaPreprint
Liu, J., & Savenije, H. H. G. (2008) · doi:10.5194/hessd-5-27-2008 · Cited by 220
Zhuo, L., Mekonnen, M., & Hoekstra, A. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.037 · Cited by 196
“…2011; Ge et al., 2011; Cao et al., 2014a,b), on China's international VW imports and exports associated with crop trade (Hoekstra and Hung, 2005; Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007, 2008; Liu et al., 2007; Fader et al., 2011; Hoekstra and Mekonnen, 2012; Dalin et al., 2012; Chen and Chen, 2013; Shi…”
BackgroundA thematic review of life cycle assessment (LCA) applied to pig production
McAuliffe, G. A., Chapman, D. V., & Sage, C. L. (2015) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2015.08.008 · Cited by 217
Zeng, Z., Liu, J., Koeneman, P. H., Zárate, E., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2012) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-16-2771-2012 · Cited by 214
“water footprint (WF) and green and blue water, have been emerging in scientific communities to promote efficient, equitable and sustainable water uses, and these paradigms are believed to break new ground for water resources planning and management (Falkenmark, 2003; Falkenmark and Rockstr öm, 2006; Hoekstra and Chapa…”
BackgroundMethodGlobal Stressors on Water Quality and Quantity
Zimmerman, J. B., Mihelcic, J. R., & Smith, A. J. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0871457 · Cited by 215
“accounting for water across the life cycle of imports and exports ( 5 ).”
BackgroundZhuo, L., Mekonnen, M. M., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Wada, Y. (2015) · Advances in Water Resources · doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.11.002 · Cited by 219
“[28] Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK.”
Total footprints-based multi-criteria optimisation of regional biomass energy supply chains
Čuček, L., Varbanov, P. S., Klemeš, J. J., & Kravanja, Z. (2012) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.040 · Cited by 210
The water footprint of Indonesian provinces related to the consumption of crop products
Bulsink, F., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Booij, M. J. (2010) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-14-119-2010 · Cited by 203
“The factors that determine the water footprint in general are: volume of consumption, consumption patterns, climate and agricultural practice (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAldaya, M. M., Martínez‐Santos, P., & Llamas, M. R. (2009) · Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s11269-009-9480-8 · Cited by 203
“The water footprint is a consumption-based indicator of water use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer ( Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007, 2008 ).”
BackgroundHoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (2007) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.023 · Cited by 198
“The most comprehensiveandelaboratedframeworkforanalysiscurrently available is the one developed by the authors of this paper (Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2004, in press; Chapagain et al., 2006a, b; Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007 ).”
MethodAnswers to common questions in Ecological Footprint accounting
Kitzes, J. A., & Wackernagel, M. (2008) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.09.014 · Cited by 195
Attari, S. Z. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1316402111 · Cited by 194
“Although this may not be too surprising, these results show that there is much work to be done to educate people on how much water goes into growing the different foods that we consume daily (17, 20).”
BackgroundAnalyses of water footprint of Beijing in an interregional input–output framework
Zhang, Z., Yang, H., & Shi, M. (2011) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.08.011 · Cited by 194
Land and water requirements of biofuel and implications for food supply and the environment in China
Yang, H., Zhou, Y., & Liu, J. (2009) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.035 · Cited by 191
“The concept of water footprint was developed by Hoekstra and his peers to describe the volume of freshwater used for the production of a product at the place where it was actually produced (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007).”
BackgroundDiet change—a solution to reduce water use?
Jalava, M., Kummu, M., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., & Varis, O. (2014) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074016 · Cited by 207
Lundy, M., & PARRELLA, M. P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118785 · Cited by 190
“Similarly, the GWP [41] and water footprint [19] for livestock production are largely determined by the quantity of feed consumed.”
BackgroundThe nitrogen–potassium intersection: membranes, metabolism, and mechanism
Coskun, D., Britto, D. T., & Kronzucker, H. J. (2015) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.12671 · Cited by 189
Water use in LCA: managing the planet’s freshwater resources
Koehler, A. (2008) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-008-0028-6 · Cited by 189
“Cross-fertilization with concepts already in place in the context of integrated water resource management, such as the virtual water concept (Allan 1998) and the water footprint metrics (Hoekstra and Chapagain 2007), may stimulate the LCA method development and provide hints for simplification.”
BackgroundQuantifying the human impact on water resources: a critical review of the water footprint concept
Chenoweth, J., Hadjikakou, M., & Zoumides, C. (2014) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-18-2325-2014 · Cited by 190
“A water footprint refers to the total volume of freshwater consumed directly and indirectly by a nation or a company, or in the provision of a product or service (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2006; Hoekstra et al., 2009b).”
BackgroundMarine microalgae for production of biofuels and chemicals
Maeda, Y., Yoshino, T., Matsunaga, T., Matsumoto, M., & Tanaka, T. (2018) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2017.11.018 · Cited by 177
How to transition to reduced-meat diets that benefit people and the planet
Rust, N. A., Ridding, L. E., Ward, C., Clark, B., Kehoe, L., Dora, M. K., Whittingham, M. J., McGowan, P. J. K., Chaudhary, A., Reynolds, C. J., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137208 · Cited by 182
Qi, X., Feng, K., Sun, L., Zhao, D., Huang, X., Zhang, D., Liu, Z., & Baiocchi, G. (2022) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.09.008 · Cited by 183
van Oel, P. R., Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.014 · Cited by 178
“The virtual-water content of individual primary and processed products is calculated (per country) based on the method described in Hoekstra and Chapagain (2008). In the case of agricultural products, the virtual-water content is expressed in terms of m/ton and consumption is expressed in ton/ year.”
MethodReview of corporate environmental indicators
Herva, M., Franco‐Uría, A., Carrasco, E. F., & Roca, E. (2011) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.05.019 · Cited by 181
On the rationale and policy usefulness of Ecological Footprint Accounting: The case of Morocco
Galli, A. (2015) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.01.008 · Cited by 184
Qin, J., Duan, W., Chen, Y., Dukhovny, V. A., Sorokin, D., Li, Y., & Wang, X. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.112061 · Cited by 174
Zhuo, L., Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2014) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-18-2219-2014 · Cited by 173
Driving Force Analysis of the Agricultural Water Footprint in China Based on the LMDI Method
Zhao, C., & Chen, B. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es503513z · Cited by 173
“Virtual water”: An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management
Yang, H., & Zehnder, A. J. B. (2007) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2007wr006048 · Cited by 172
“The reported volume of water saving in the global trade of major crops and livestock products ranges between 300 km(3) a 1 and 600 km(3) a 1 [Zimmer and Renault, 2003; Oki and Kanae, 2004; Hoekstra and Hung, 2005; Yang et al., 2006; Chapagain et al., 2006a]. The results indicate that the water productivity is generall…”
BackgroundRegional water footprint evaluation in China: A case of Liaoning
Dong, H., Geng, Y., Sarkis, J., Fujita, T., Okadera, T., & Xue, B. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.049 · Cited by 170
Verma, S., Kampman, D. A., van der Zaag, P., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2008) · Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C · doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.05.002 · Cited by 170
“Several researchers (Hoekstra and Hung, 2002; Hoekstra, 2003; Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2003; Oki et al., 2003; Renault, 2003; Zimmer and Renault, 2003; De Fraiture et al., 2004; Chapagain et al., 2005; Chapagain, 2006; Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007, 2008 ) have investigated the role that international trade in virtual w…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Twente (NL)
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hoekstra, A. Y.
- Venue
- Water Resources Management
- Published
- 2006-06-27
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-48
- ISSN
- 0920-4741 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-1650
- OpenAlex
- W2102620549
- Cited by
- 1,458
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 40.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Water Resources Management (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
- Keywords
- water footprint, consumption patterns, household water use, gross national income, meat consumption, agricultural water use efficiency, water use efficiency, global water use
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