Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans.

Arterburn, Linda M; Hall, Eileen Bailey; Oken, Harry

doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1467s

Cited by 1,162Fatty Acid Research and HealthAquaculture Nutrition and GrowthLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans.

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Arterburn, Linda M, Hall, Eileen Bailey, Oken, Harry·2006·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1467s

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Abstract

n-3 Fatty acids have important visual, mental, and cardiovascular health benefits throughout the life cycle. Biodistribution, interconversion, and dose response data are reviewed herein to provide a basis for more rational n-3 dose selections. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the principal n-3 fatty acid in tissues and is particularly abundant in neural and retinal tissue. Limited storage of the n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue suggests that a continued dietary supply is needed. A large proportion of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is oxidized, and because of limited interconversion of n-3 fatty acids in humans, ALA supplementation does not result in appreciable accumulation of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in plasma. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) but not DHA concentrations in plasma increase in response to dietary EPA. Dietary DHA results in a dose-dependent, saturable increase in plasma DHA concentrations and modest increases in EPA concentrations. Plasma DHA concentrations equilibrate in approximately 1 mo and then remain at steady state throughout supplementation. DHA doses of approximately 2 g/d result in a near maximal plasma response. Both dietary DHA and EPA reduce plasma arachidonic acid concentrations. Tissue contents of DHA and EPA also increase in response to supplementation with these fatty acids. Human milk contents of DHA are dependent on diet, and infant DHA concentrations are determined by their dietary intake of this fatty acid. We conclude that the most predictable way to increase a specific long-chain n-3 fatty acid in plasma, tissues, or human milk is to supplement with the fatty acid of interest.

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The conversion of LA to AA and ALA to EPA and then DHA is inefficient in humans.
“Further, while LA can be converted to AA and ALA can be converted to EPA and then DHA, respectively, this conversion is inefficient in humans [59]”
From Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Improving Metabolic Dysfunctions in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [59]
The Introduction says conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is relatively inefficient in humans, and the Metabolic Interconversion section reports low conversion rates. That section also identifies LA-to-arachidonic-acid conversion, but does not say that this conversion is inefficient. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Only ALA is truly essential to the human diet; EPA and DHA can be synthesised from ALA in liver endoplasmic reticulum, though conversion is limited by enzyme availability.
“Only ALA is considered truly essential to the human diet as both EPA and DHA can be synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells through conversion from ALA, though this conversion is limited due to enzyme availability [38,39,40].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [40]

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Gerster H. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3nҀ3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5nҀ3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6nҀ3)? Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1998;68:159 -73.

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Background
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Authors: Arterburn, L. M., Hall, E. B., & Oken, H.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
Corresponding author: Arterburn, Linda M
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-06
Volume: 83
Issue: 6
Pages: 1467S-1476S
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1467s
OpenAlex: W2104285446
Cited by: 1,162
References: 108
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 77
FWCI: 5.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 6121 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, dietary supplementation, dose-response relationship, plasma fatty acid concentrations, arachidonic acid, breast milk, fatty acid oxidation, adipose tissue storage
MeSH terms: Docosahexaenoic Acids, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Erythrocytes, Humans, Milk, Human, Organ Specificity, Tissue Distribution, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, alpha-Linolenic Acid, Dietary Supplements

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Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans.

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