Chronic depression: update on classification and treatment
Abstract
A significant proportion of patients with depressive disorders suffer from chronic conditions. The DSM-IV recognizes several forms of chronic depression. Chronic depressions differ from nonchronic major depressive disorder (MDD) on many clinical, psychosocial, and familial variables. However, less support exists for current distinctions between the various forms of chronic depression. Antidepressant medications and at least some forms of psychotherapy are efficacious in treating chronic depression, and the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy appears to be superior to either monotherapy alone. Still, chronic depression is often inadequately treated, and many patients fail to respond or continue to experience residual symptoms after treatment. An important direction for future research is to elucidate the multiple pathways to chronic depression and to tailor treatments to specific etiopathogenetic subgroups.
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Clinical studies indicate that a substantial proportion of people who seek treatment for major depression have a chronic-recurrent course.
“clinical studies show that a substantial proportion of people who seek treatment for major depression have a chronic-recurrent course of illness.13, 14”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Torpey, D. C., & Klein, D. N.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klein, Daniel N.
- ORCID
- Klein, Daniel N.
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 458-464
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- OpenAlex
- W2025400419
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH045757)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- chronic depression, dysthymia, major depressive disorder, depression classification, antidepressant treatment, psychotherapy, treatment-resistant depression, residual depressive symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Chronic Disease, Combined Modality Therapy, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Psychotherapy, Recurrence, Self Care, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dysthymic Disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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