Inflammation: good or bad for ADHD?

Donev, Rossen; Thome, Johannes

doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0038-7

Cited by 54Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disorders

Inflammation: good or bad for ADHD?

Donev, Rossen, Thome, Johannes·2010·ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders

DOI 10.1007/s12402-010-0038-7

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Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by the typical behavioural core symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. ADHD is a usually chronic health conditions, mostly diagnosed in childhood, creating a significant challenge for youth, their families and professionals who treat it. This disorder requires long-term treatments, including psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions, which in some cases may lead to adverse effects. Understanding the mechanism by which ADHD risk factors affect the biochemical processes in the human brain and consequentially the behaviour will help to identify novel targets for the development of therapeutics with less adverse results and better efficacy including higher responder rates. Although inflammatory responses in the brain have been recognised for years as critical in neurodegeneration and behaviour in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, their role for the development, treatment and prevention of ADHD has been so far largely overlooked, although historically, ADHD symptoms were initially observed in patients who survived an ONJ infection, i.e. inflammation. In this review, we discuss the interrelationship between different ADHD risk factors and inflammation with respect to the triggered molecular mechanisms and the contribution they are likely to have to this disorder. This paper provides a rationale for future studies on ADHD with an intent to inspiring the development of…

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Reversible Reduction in Plasma Concentration of Nitric Oxide Induced by Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults
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Anti-apoptotic effect of retinoic acid on retinal progenitor cells mediated by a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism
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Replication Test for Association of the IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Gene, IL1RN, with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Upregulating CD59: a new strategy for protection of neurons from complement-mediated degeneration
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Plasma Nitric Oxide Before and After Smoking Cessation with Nicotine Nasal Spray
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IFN-γ does not mimic the catabolic effects of TNF-α
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Docosahexaenoic Acid Enhances Hepatic Serum Amyloid A Expression via Protein Kinase A-dependent Mechanism
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GENETIC STUDY: The human protein kinase C gamma gene (PRKCG) as a susceptibility locus for behavioral disinhibition
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Local Immunoglobulin Synthesis and Blood-Brain Barrier Assessment in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
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Hippocampal Neurogenesis: A Matter of Survival
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Prenatal particulate air pollution and neurodevelopment in urban children: Examining sensitive windows and sex-specific associations
Chiu, Y.-H. M., Hsu, H. L., Coull, B. A., Bellinger, D. C., Kloog, I., Schwartz, J. D., Wright, R. O., & Wright, R. J. (2015) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.010 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Common psychiatric and metabolic comorbidity of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A population-based cross-sectional study
Chen, Q., Hartman, C. A., Haavik, J., Harro, J., Klungsøyr, K., Hegvik, T.-A., Wanders, R., Ottosen, C., Dalsgaard, S., Faraone, S. V., et al. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204516 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Maternal high fat diet consumption during the perinatal period programs offspring behavior
Sullivan, E. L., Nousen, E. K., & Chamlou, K. A. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.07.014 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Maternal high-fat diet programming of the neuroendocrine system and behavior
Sullivan, E. L., Riper, K. M., Lockard, R. A., & Valleau, J. C. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.008 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Environment and Gene Association With Obesity and Their Impact on Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases
Flores-Dorantes, M. T., Díaz‐López, Y. E., & Gutiérrez‐Aguilar, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00863 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Unraveling the Mechanisms Responsible for the Comorbidity between Metabolic Syndrome and Mental Health Disorders
Nousen, E. K., Franco, J. G., & Sullivan, E. L. (2013) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000355632 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Exposure to ambient PM10 and NO2 and the incidence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood
Min, J., & Min, K. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.022 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress, Maternal Diabetes, and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Carpita, B., Muti, D., & Dell’Osso, L. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/3717215 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Possible links between gut–microbiota and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children and adolescents
Boonchooduang, N., Louthrenoo, O., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02383-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review
Quintero, J., Gutiérrez-Casares, J. R., & Álamo, C. (2022) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-022-00392-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“ADHD seems to present a morphogenesis dysregulation [92, 121], with a high number of neurophysiological difficulties caused by neuronal network dysfunctions in the”
Background
A Gut Feeling: A Hypothesis of the Role of the Microbiome in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders
Ming, X., Chen, N., Ray, C., Brewer, G., Kornitzer, J., & Steer, R. A. (2018) · Child Neurology Open · doi:10.1177/2329048x18786799 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A Potential Role for Neuroinflammation in ADHD
Vázquez-González, D., Carreón-Trujillo, S., Álvarez‐Arellano, L., Abarca-Merlin, D. M., Domínguez-López, P., Salazar–García, M., & Corona, J. C. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_15 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Increased oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Sezen, H., Kandemir, H., Savik, E., Basmacı Kandemir, S., Kilicaslan, F., Bilinc, H., & Aksoy, N. (2016) · Redox Report · doi:10.1080/13510002.2015.1116729 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Non-mental diseases associated with ADHD across the lifespan: Fidgety Philipp and Pippi Longstocking at risk of multimorbidity?
Kittel‐Schneider, S., Arteaga-Henríquez, G., Vásquez, A. A., Asherson, P. J., Banaschewski, T., Brikell, I., Buitelaar, J. K., Cormand, B., Faraone, S. V., Freitag, C. M., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.035 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Moderators of treatment response in adults with ADHD treated with a vitamin–mineral supplement
Rucklidge, J. J., Johnstone, J. M., Gorman, B., Boggis, A., & FRAMPTON, C. M. A. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.014 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Önder, A., Çoban, Ö. G., & Adanır, A. S. (2020) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2020.1804940 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lovastatin for the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia: A preliminary randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Ghanizadeh, A. J., Rezaee, Z., Dehbozorgi, S., Berk, M., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.039 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and stress-related biomarkers.
Vogel, S. W. N., Bijlenga, D., Verduijn, J., Bron, T. I., Beekman, A., Kooij, J., & Penninx, B. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a quasi-experimental sibling-comparison, population-based design
Musser, E., Willoughby, M. T., Wright, S., Sullivan, E., Stadler, D., Olson, B. F., Steiner, R., & Nigg, J. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12662 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Omega-6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Patients with ADHD: A Meta-Analysis.
LaChance, L., McKenzie, K. J., Taylor, V. H., & Vigod, S. N. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in patients with cystic fibrosis
Cohen‐Cymberknoh, M., Tanny, T., Breuer, O., Blau, H., Mussaffi, H., Kadosh, D., Gärtner, S., Salinas, A., Bentur, L., Nir, V., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2017.11.020 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy contributes to executive function impairments in rats: Potential contribution for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Miguel, P. M., Deniz, B. F., Deckmann, I., Confortim, H. D., Diaz, R., Laureano, D. P., Silveira, P. P., & Pereira, L. O. (2017) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2016.1273551 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gut dysbiosis as a driver of neuroinflammation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of current evidence
Lewis, N., Villani, A., & Lagopoulos, J. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.01.031 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Copy number variants in attention-deficit hyperactive disorder: identification of the 15q13 deletion and its functional role
Valbonesi, S., Magri, C., Traversa, M., Faraone, S., Cattaneo, A., Milanesi, E., Valenti, V., Gennarelli, M., & Scassellati, C. (2015) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000056 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Circadian cycle-dependent EEG biomarkers of pathogenicity in adult mice following prenatal exposure to in utero inflammation
Adler, D. A., Ammanuel, S., Lei, J., Dada, T., Borbiev, T., Johnston, M. V., Kadam, S. D., & Burd, I. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Pressure–Activation–Stress scale in relation to ADHD and cortisol
Isaksson, J., Nilsson, K. W., & Lindblad, F. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0544-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Banaschewski, T., Belsham, B., Bloch, M. H., Ferrín, M., Johnson, M., Kustow, J., Robinson, S., & Zuddas, A. (2018) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106018772170 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Broad-Spectrum Micronutrient Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Rationale and Evidence to Date
Rucklidge, J. J., & Kaplan, B. J. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0190-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effect of diet on brain metabolites and behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Navarro, A. A. L., Şıkoğlu, E. M., Heinze, C. R., Rogan, R. C., Russell, V. A., King, J. A., & Moore, C. M. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.013 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prenatal PM2.5 exposure and infant temperament at age 6 months: Sensitive windows and sex-specific associations
Rahman, F., Coull, B. A., Carroll, K. N., Wilson, A., Just, A. C., Kloog, I., Zhang, X., Wright, R. J., & Chiu, Y.-H. M. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112583 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Residential exposure to urban traffic is associated with the poorer neurobehavioral health of Ecuadorian schoolchildren
Khan, K. M., Weigel, M. M., Yonts, S., Rohlman, D. S., & Armijos, R. X. (2019) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Characterisation of different nanoparticles with a potential use for drug delivery in neuropsychiatric disorders
Donev, R., Koseva, N. S., Petrov, P. D., Kowalczuk, A., & Thome, J. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.599209 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Altered serum mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in adults with ADHD
Irmisch, G., Richter, J., Thome, J., Sheldrick, A. J., & Wandschneider, R. (2013) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-013-0107-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Gut–Brain Inflammatory Pathways in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Diet
Lewis, N., Lagopoulos, J., & Villani, A. M. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15050335 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Combined association of BTEX and material hardship on ADHD‐suggestive behaviours among a nationally representative sample of US children
Dellefratte, K., Stingone, J. A., & Cláudio, L. (2019) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12594 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sensitive development windows of prenatal air pollution and cognitive functioning in preschool age Mexican children
Hsu, H. L., Lane, J. M., Schnaas, L., Coull, B. A., Osorio-Valencia, E., Chiu, Y.-H. M., Wilson, A., Just, A. C., Kloog, I., Bellinger, D. C., et al. (2024) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000291 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Living proximity to petrochemical industries and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children
Huang, C., Pan, S., Chin, W., Chen, Y., Wu, C., Hsu, C.-Y., Lin, P., Chen, P., & Guo, Y. L. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113128 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: translating research into practice
Coogan, A. N., Dobrean, A., Donev, R., Mateescu, L., Müller, U., Thome, J., & Voinescu, B. (2012) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-012-0073-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Relationship between soluble intercellular adhesion molecules and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Alaşehirli, B., Oğuz, E., Gökçen, C., Erbağcı, A. B., Örkmez, M., & Demiryürek, A. T. (2015) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217415605040 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Food intake and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: A case_control study
Jamshidnia, A., Tavallaei, M., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.020 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Do Changes in Blood Nutrient Levels Mediate Treatment Response in Children and Adults With ADHD Consuming a Vitamin–Mineral Supplement?
Rucklidge, J. J., Eggleston, M. J. F., Boggis, A., Darling, K. A., Gorman, B., & FRAMPTON, C. M. A. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719886363 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Metabolomic Insights into Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Scoping Review
Muñoz-Zabaleta, M. J., Rodríguez, N. G., Díaz, L. E., & Quiroz‐Padilla, M. F. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15020133 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The association between Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-Disorder (ADHD) symptoms and disease severity in people with Cystic Fibrosis (pwCF)
Cohen‐Cymberknoh, M., Dimand, I., Tanny, T., Blau, H., Mussaffi, H., Kadosh, D., Gärtner, S., Bentur, L., Nir, V., Gur, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2023.04.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Association of Bisphenol A and Parabens Exposure and Oxidative Stress in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Subramani, B., Chang, C.-H., Fang, T.-Y., Yu, C.-J., Du, J., Chiou, H., Hou, J., Yang, W., Chen, H., Chen, Y.-S., et al. (2023) · Exposure and Health · doi:10.1007/s12403-023-00561-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Association Between Periconceptional Weight of Maternal Grandmothers and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Grandchildren
Yim, G., Roberts, A., Ascherio, A., Wypij, D., Kioumourtzoglou, M., & Weisskopf, M. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18824 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Beyond the Brain: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Gut-Brain Axis
Gandhi, D. N., Pande, D., Harikrishna, A., Advilkar, A., Basavan, I., & Ansari, R. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.76291 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
How Knowledge on Microbiota may be Helpful to Establish an Optimal Diet for Health Maintenance
Mainardi, P., Carta, P., Mainardi, M., & Striano, P. (2018) · International Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-18-2501 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gut Microbiome and Mental Stress-Related Disorders: The Interplay of Classic and Microbial Endocrinology
Stefanaki, C., Mastorakos, G. P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2021) · The microbiomes of humans, animals, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59642-2_7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
In silico clinical trial evaluating lisdexamfetamine’s and methylphenidate’s mechanism of action computational models in an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder virtual patients’ population
Gutiérrez-Casares, J. R., Quintero, J., Segú-Vergés, C., Monterde, P. R., Pozo-Rubio, T., Coma, M., & Montoto, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.939650 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Implications of Maternal Obesity on Offspring Physiology and Behavior in the Nonhuman Primate
Sullivan, E. L., & Kievit, P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6386-7_10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Impact of prenatal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and organophosphorus pesticides on neurodevelopment in four-year-old children: Evidence from the Shanghai birth cohort
Fu, D., Liu, X., Kang, N., Cheng, X., Chang, X., Guo, S., Jin, H., Zhang, Q., Tian, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.110031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Introduction to my Research Interests
Donev, R. (2013) · Journal of Biomolecular Research & Therapeutics · doi:10.4172/2167-7956.1000e116
Self-citation
Causal relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and atherosclerosis: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Hu, X., Chen, G., Yang, X.-F., & Zhang, N. J. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000042859
The associations of maternal exposure to PM1 during pregnancy with emotional and behavioral problems in offspring: The interaction effect of maternal diet
Li, M., Zhang, G., He, X., Gu, X., Zhuang, W., Wang, C., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Wang, X., Wang, Z., et al. (2026) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2026.106195

Psychopathology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from an inflammatory perspective
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Authors: Donev, R., & Thome, J.
Affiliations: Swansea University (GB)
Corresponding author: Thome, Johannes
ORCID: Donev, Rossen
Thome, Johannes
Venue: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-11-10
Volume: 2
Issue: 4
Pages: 257-266
ISSN: 1866-6116 (ISSN-L)
1866-6647
DOI: 10.1007/s12402-010-0038-7
OpenAlex: W2055510977
Cited by: 54
References: 111
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 0.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neuroinflammation, inflammatory mechanisms, ADHD risk factors, neurodegeneration, mental illness, therapeutic target
MeSH terms: Ethanol, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Dermatitis, Atopic, Encephalitis, Humans, Protein Kinases, Risk Factors, Smoking, Signal Transduction, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Inflammation Mediators, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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