The “What” and the “How” of Dispositional Mindfulness: Using Interactions Among Subscales of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire to Understand Its Relation To Substance Use
Open accessAbstract
Although self-report measures of dispositional mindfulness have good psychometric properties, a few studies have shown unexpected positive correlations between substance use and mindfulness scales measuring observation of present-moment experience. The current study tested the hypothesis that the relationship between present-moment observation and substance use is moderated by the tendency to be nonjudgmental and nonreactive toward the observed stimuli. Two hundred and ninety-six undergraduates completed the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), a calendar measuring periods of substance use, and a measure of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Controlling for FFMQ and personality subscales, significant interactions between the observing and nonreactivity subscales indicated that the observing subscale was negatively associated with substance use at higher levels of nonreactivity but positively associated with periods of substance use at lower levels of nonreactivity. Results support the use of statistical interactions among FFMQ subscales to test for the presence of interactive effects of different aspects of mindfulness.
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The observe facet of mindfulness was positively related to substance-related problems among people with substance use disorders.
“Alternatively, the observe facet positively related to substance-related problems among individuals with SUD, presumably because such individuals need to be attentive towards their internal experiences to know when to consume illicit substances to avoid withdrawal (Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnigo, Lynam, & Baer, 2012).”
From Exploring Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Dispositional Mindfulness and Compulsive Sexual Behavior Among Adults in Residential Substance Use Treatment (2019) · cites this paper as Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnigo, Lynam, & Baer, 2012
The Discussion reports a positive association between observing and periods of heavy alcohol use, but only at lower levels of nonreactivity. The Method (Participants and Recruitment) describes a sample of undergraduate students, not people diagnosed with substance use disorders. The paper measures periods of substance use rather than substance-related problems and does not establish the proposed withdrawal-avoidance explanation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe benefits of facets of mindfulness like observing and acting with awareness may depend on the presence of sufficient levels of nonjudgment and nonreactivity.
“This could be particularly fruitful in the context of research suggesting that the benefits of facets of mindfulness like observing and acting with awareness may depend on the presence of sufficient levels of nonjudgment and nonreactivity (Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnig, Lynam, & Baer, 2012; Peters, Eisenlohr-Moul, Upton, & Baer, 2013).”
From The Effect of a Brief Mindfulness Training on Distress Tolerance and Stress Reactivity. (2019) · cites this paper as Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnig, Lynam, & Baer, 2012
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that observing was associated with less alcohol and tobacco use at higher levels of nonreactivity. But the paper explicitly did not examine acting with awareness, and it found no predictive interaction between observing and nonjudging. Its findings therefore do not support extending the claim to both facets or both proposed conditions. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Eisenlohr-Moul et al. (2012), Nonjudgment was not a significant moderator.
“Nonjudgment was not identified as a significant moderator.”
From Mindfulness and Depersonalization: a Nuanced Relationship (2022) · cites this paper as Eisenlohr-Moul et al., 2012
In Eisenlohr-Moul et al. (2012), greater Observing was associated with reduced frequency of substance use only at higher levels of Nonreactivity.
“Results indicated that greater Observing was associated with reduced frequency of substance use only at higher levels of Nonreactivity.”
From Mindfulness and Depersonalization: a Nuanced Relationship (2022) · cites this paper as Eisenlohr-Moul et al., 2012
The association between Observing and psychopathology is moderated by Nonreacting, such that Observing predicts reduced psychopathology at high Nonreacting and increased psychopathology at low Nonreacting.
“Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnigo, Lynam, and Baer (2012) demonstrated that the association between Observing and psychopathology is moderated by Nonreacting, such that Observing predicts reduced psychopathology at high levels of Nonreacting and increased psychopathology at low levels of Nonreacting.”
From Facets of Mindfulness in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Impact of Co-occurring Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnigo, Lynam, and Baer (2012)
High levels of the observing awareness facet of mindfulness are associated with worse mental health, including increased depression, anxiety, dissociation, and substance abuse, and decreased ability to tolerate pain.
“Indeed, high levels of the observing awareness facet of mindfulness have been repeatedly found to be associated with worse mental health, including increased depression, anxiety, dissociation, and substance abuse [8,16] and decreased ability to tolerate pain [17].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
The correlation between observing awareness and negative outcomes is reduced when observing awareness is correlated with non-judgment and non-reactivity.
“However, a few studies have suggested that the correlation between observing awareness and negative outcomes is reduced when observing awareness is correlated with non-judgment and non-reactivity, qualities that are often (but not always) considered essential dimensions of mindfulness [8,16].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Present-moment awareness constitutes the "what" of mindfulness, while mindfulness qualities constitute the "how".
“While present-moment awareness may constitute the “what” of mindfulness, mindfulness qualities constitute the “how” [16] by balancing that awareness with qualities of nonjudgment, acceptance, curiosity, open-mindedness, optimism, self-efficacy, courage, trust, patience, persistence, kindness, empathy, generosity, gratitude, social intelligence, freedom, autonomy and choice.”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Research has found that observing awareness can be balanced by non-judgment.
“While research has found that observing awareness can be balanced by non-judgment [8,16], additional research may benefit from investigating other combinations, for example: how interoception may counterbalance decentering to prevent dissociation, or how exteroception (awareness of surroundings) may counterbalance exposure to prevent flooding [29].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Walsh, E. C., Charnigo, R. J., Lynam, D. R., & Baer, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-05-14
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 276-286
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC3715554
- OpenAlex
- W2056399124
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 7.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA005312, P50DA005312)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, substance use, non-reactivity, nonjudgmental acceptance, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, five-factor model of personality, moderation, statistical interaction, self-report measures
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Tobacco Use Disorder, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Assessment, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Self Report
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