The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 138 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Interest in the co-occurrence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has grown in the last decade. Research on clinical populations supports the frequent co-occurrence of ADHD traits (e.g., hyperactivity) in individuals with ASD and ASD traits (e.g., social communication deficits) in individuals with ADHD. Similar trends in co-occurring traits have been observed in population-based samples, as well as family and genetic studies of affected individuals. Despite increased interest in co-occurring ADHD and ASD, relatively little research has been devoted to treatment considerations. The vast majority of intervention research has examined pharmacological treatment using traditional ADHD medications. Relatively few psychosocial interventions have directly addressed co-occurring symptoms. Treatment development will benefit from enhanced understanding of the phenomenon of co-occurring ADHD and ASD. Key topics for future research include examining developmental trajectories of co-occurring disorders, comorbid psychiatric conditions, deficits in social skills, and the nature of executive functioning impairment in individuals with co-occurring ADHD and ASD. In the current review, research in these areas is reviewed along with recommendation for future study. Given that clinicians are routinely observing and treating individuals with co-occurring symptoms, further research will yield needed information to inform intervention development and maximize benefits for affected individuals.
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Claims the paper makes
88 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 2 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Yerys et al. [115] found greater overall cognitive impairments, including poor overall global executive control, cognitive flexibility, and verbal working memory, in children with ASD who also had hyperactivity.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [115] Yerys, 2009, Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms moderate cognition and behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders, Autism Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports greater global executive-control and everyday cognitive-flexibility difficulties in children with ASD and elevated ADHD symptoms. The Results (Executive Control) qualify the verbal working-memory finding: the ASD+ADHD group performed significantly worse than typically developing controls, but not significantly worse than the ASD-only group. Thus, the claim overstates that part of the comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Results indicated that children who were persistently impaired in the domain of social communication were most likely to be classified in the 2 highest risk groups for hyperactive inattentive traits and were least likely to be in the childhood limited group for hyperactivity inattention.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] St. Pourcain, 2011, Links between co-occurring social-communication and hyperactive-inattentive trait trajectories, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
The Results section reports that 32.29% of children with persistently impaired social communication were in the persistently impaired hyperactive-inattentive group and 39.01% were in the intermediate group. The childhood-limited group had the smallest share, at 12.14%. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Among children with ADHD, higher levels of ODD and conduct disorder were associated with more ASD symptoms (Mulligan et al. [8]).”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Mulligan, 2009, Autism symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a familial trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
The Discussion (p. 13) states that children with ADHD who had ODD or conduct disorder had more autism symptoms than those without those disorders. It also reports that the cluster with the highest autism-symptom score had the highest prevalence of both disorders. The paper measures their presence or prevalence rather than symptom severity, but the cited association is supported. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelationaln = 800- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“evidence for common neurobiological substrates has been found through similarities in neuropsychological profiles among individuals with ADHD and ASD [11,17].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Gargaro, 2011, Autism and ADHD: how far have we come in the comorbidity debate?, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Rommelse, 2011, A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Genetic findings support the possibility of common genetic origins for both disorders [13][14][15][16].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Smalley, 2002, Genetic linkage of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on chromosome 16p13, in a region implicated in autism, Am J Hum Genet source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Rommelse, 2010, Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Reiersen, 2008, Evidence for shared genetic influences on self-reported ADHD and autistic symptoms in young adult Australian twins, Twin Res Hum Genet source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By both parent and teacher report, children with ADHD and ASD experience more difficulty in daily situations as compared to those with only 1 disorder [6].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Goldstein, 2004, The comorbidity of Pervasive developmental disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of a retrospective chart review, J Autism Dev Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“between 30 and 50 % of individuals diagnosed with ASD also exhibit elevated levels of ADHD symptoms [5][6][7].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Lee, 2006, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Goldstein, 2004, The comorbidity of Pervasive developmental disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of a retrospective chart review, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Gadow, 2006, ADHD symptom subtypes in children with pervasive developmental disorder, J Autism Dev Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“some estimates suggest that features of ASD are present in approximately two-thirds of individuals with ADHD [8].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Mulligan, 2009, Autism symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a familial trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multiple family studies have shown that family members of individuals with either ADHD or ASD frequently display symptoms of the other disorder [8,12].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Mulligan, 2009, Autism symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a familial trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Nijmeijer, 2009, PDD symptoms in ADHD, an independent familial trait?, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Epidemiological research has also demonstrated notable associations between ADHD and ASD traits in nonclinical samples [2,9,10].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Reiersen, 2008, Co-occurrence of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: phenomenology and treatment, Expert Rev Neurother source
- Not checked yetcites [9] St. Pourcain, 2011, Links between co-occurring social-communication and hyperactive-inattentive trait trajectories, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Ronald, 2010, Exploring the relationship between autistic-like traits and ADHD behaviors in early childhood: findings from a community twin study of 2-year-olds, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 49
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
In the paper
“Research specifically focusing on co-occurring ADHD and ASD has only emerged recently, and many studies have focused primarily on questions of etiology and phenomenology, with less direct work on intervention development [11].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Co-Occurring ADHD and ASD: Key Research Areas
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Gargaro, 2011, Autism and ADHD: how far have we come in the comorbidity debate?, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Psychostimulants are the most widely researched medications used to treat ADHD alone [26], but conflicting findings have been reported regarding the efficacy and safety of stimulants in cases of co-occurring ADHD and ASD.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychostimulant Medications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Greenhill, 2002, Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults, J Am Academy Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, social skill interventions to reduce social impairments (i.e., social and social communication problems often associated with ASD) for children with ADHD are often clinically indicated but have demonstrated limited treatment effectiveness [55].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychosocial Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] de Boo, 2007, Social incompetence in children with ADHD: possible moderators and mediators in social-skills training, Clin Psychol Rev source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Based on a retrospective analysis of clinic cases and a small prospective clinical trial, Santosh et al. [41] reported overall improvement in ADHD symptoms, with few differences in treatment response between the groups.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychostimulant Medications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Santosh, 2006, Impact of comorbid autism spectrum disorders on stimulant response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective and prospective effectiveness study, Child Care Health Dev source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More adverse effects were reported in the children with ASD, and the highest tolerated dose was lower than that tolerated in children without ASD [24].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychostimulant Medications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network, 2005, Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For ADHD, parent interventions (“parent training”) typically involve manual, groupbased programs designed to teach parents strategies to manage the behaviors of their children (e.g., reduce impulsive behavior, increase focus on tasks) [59,60].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychosocial Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Barkley, 1997
- Not checked yetcites [60] McMahon, 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results also indicated that medication effects were restricted to the target ADHD symptoms (e.g., decreased hyperactivity and impulsivity), and no positive effects were found on other behaviors, such as irritability, social withdrawal, stereotypy, or inappropriate speech [24].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychostimulant Medications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network, 2005, Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results indicated that stimulant medication was effective at reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity in approximately half of the participants, a response rate that is considerably lower than the rates of 70 to 80 % found in studies of methylphenidate for children with ADHD only [24,38,39].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychostimulant Medications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network, 2005, Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Greenhill, 2006, Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Greenhill, 1996, Medication treatment strategies in the MTA Study: relevance to clinicians and researchers, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
hedgeddirectn = 72- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within ADHD, symptoms may emerge early and diagnostic subtypes may not be stable for a period of time [73,74], but impairment associated with ADHD symptoms typically persists and can be exacerbated by increased demands for independent functioning in adulthood [75,76].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Sonuga-Barke, 2005, Varieties of preschool hyperactivity: multiple pathways from risk to disorder, Dev Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Todd, 2008, Predictors of stability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes from childhood to young adulthood, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Lahey, 2005, Instability of the DSM-IV Subtypes of ADHD from preschool through elementary school, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A small placebo-controlled efficacy trial indicated positive effects in terms of the reduction of hyperactivity and impulsivity, but not inattention in youth with ASD, with fewer adverse events as compared to stimulant trials [43].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Nonstimulant Medications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Arnold, 2006, Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism spectrum disorders: placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Treatment for both ADHD (and related disruptive behaviors) and ASD originally developed using operant conditioning procedures, which have evolved in time to draw on a social learning theory [58].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychosocial Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Brookman-Frazee, 2006, Parenting interventions for children with autism spectrum and disruptive behavior disorders: opportunities for cross-fertilization, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these findings support the use of methylphenidate in children with both ADHD and ASD, the results were also consistent with prior studies that have suggested a greater need for side effect monitoring and lower dosing in the context of ASD.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychostimulant Medications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pharmacological treatment for ADHD is effective for reducing impairment associated with core ADHD symptoms (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity) and improving functioning in children and adults [25,26].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Pharmacological Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Swanson, 2009, Psychopharmacology: concepts and opinions about the use of stimulant medications, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Greenhill, 2002, Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults, J Am Academy Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results indicated that methylphenidate use was associated with several positive social outcomes, including improved initiation for joint attention, improved response to bids for joint attention, better selfregulation, and more regulated affective state [50].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Impact of Medication on Other Aspects of Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Jahromi, 2009, Positive effects of methylphenidate on social communication and self-regulation in children with pervasive developmental disorders and hyperactivity, J Autism Dev Disord source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 33- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additional research using parents and teachers as informants showed significant reductions in ADHD symptoms among children with ADHD and ASD.Approximately half of the participants were classified as responders (i.e., global improvement rating in the “muchto-moderate” range for 6 of 14 participants), and side effects were rated as “minimally present” in 12 of the participants [44].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Nonstimulant Medications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Zeiner, 2011, Response to atomoxetine in boys with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Acta Paediatr source
plaindirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other evidence-based interventions for ASD include behavioral treatments for anxiety and aggression and group social skills training [57].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychosocial Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Vismara, 2010, Behavioral treatments in autism spectrum disorder: what do we know?, Ann Rev Clinical Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although some medications have demonstrated the potential to treat stereotyped or repetitive behaviors associated with ASD, efficacy data on these treatments has been less strong [30].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Pharmacological Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Williams, 2010, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For ADHD, empirical support exists for behavioral training for parents of children with ADHD [53] and cognitive behavioral therapy for affected adults [54].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychosocial Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] AACAP, 2007, Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Safren, 2006, Cognitive-behavioral approaches to ADHD treatment in adulthood, J Clin Psychiatry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Only 2 medications have been formally approved for use with individuals with ASD and both of these medicines target irritability: risperidone (Risperdal, Janssen Pharmaceutical Inc.; Titusville, NJ) and aripiprazole (Abilify, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical Inc.; Rockville, MD) [27][28][29].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Pharmacological Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Canitano, 2011, Psychopharmacology in autism: an update, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Canitano, 2008, Risperidone in the treatment of behavioral disorders associated with autism in children and adolescents, Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Curran, 2011, Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in paediatric patients: profile report, CNS Drugs source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is widely believed that cases of “pure” ADHD are relatively uncommon, with the majority of individuals also affected by a co-occurring psychiatric disorder (e.g., anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder) or a developmental condition (e.g., learning disability, ASD) [68,69].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Co-Occurring ADHD and ASD: Key Research Areas
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Taurines, 2010, Developmental comorbidity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Atten Defic Hyperact Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Kadesjo, 2001, The comorbidity of ADHD in the general population of Swedish school-age children, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results indicated that children who received parent training in addition to pharmacological treatment (i.e., risperidone) had lower rates of aggression and greater reductions in hyperactivity as compared to children who only received medication [63].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Psychosocial Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Aman, 2009, Medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavior problems: results from a randomized clinical trial, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current nosology, however, precludes diagnosis of both disorders to the same individual and specifies that the presence of an ASD is an exclusion criterion for ADHD [3,4].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] American Psychiatric Association, 2000
- Not checked yetcites [4] World Health Organization, 1992
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have shown that executive functioning deficits are common in both ADHD and ASD, with slightly different areas of impairment observed [11,[108][109][110][111].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11,[108][109][110][111]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current understanding of developmental trajectories in cooccurring ADHD and ASD is limited by a paucity of longitudinal studies.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Future Research Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because past research samples have generally excluded participants with complex psychopathology, there is little data to inform treatment decisionmaking for the majority of patients.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Future Research Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Social deficits in ASD are characterized by features, such as a lack of interest or enjoyment in social engagement, inability to reciprocally participate in interactions, and lack of emotional engagement with others [96].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Carter, 2005, Social development in autism
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results indicated modest but statistically significant correlations (r00.23-0.26) between ASD and ADHD symptoms, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist, with associations apparent in both social and nonsocial autistic-like traits [10].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Ronald, 2010, Exploring the relationship between autistic-like traits and ADHD behaviors in early childhood: findings from a community twin study of 2-year-olds, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, past research has suggested that ADHD and ASD can be differentiated from 1 another on a neuropsychological level during childhood and adulthood [109, 113].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Ozonoff, 1999, Brief report: specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [113] Bramham, 2009, Executive functioning differences between adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorder in initiation, planning and strategy formation, Autism source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similarly, exploratory research is being conducted on new agents, including intranasal oxytocin to target social impairments [31].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Pharmacological Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Wink, 2010, Emerging drugs for the treatment of symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders, Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Finally, some evidence suggests high rates of substance use disorders, which are common in ADHD, but are rarely observed in ASD, in cases of co-occurring ADHD and ASD [91].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Santosh, 2006, Does pervasive developmental disorder protect children and adolescents against drug and alcohol use?, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At the same time, cooccurrence has also been reported in a clinical sample of adults who experienced ADHD and ASD along with high rates of other psychiatric comorbidity [83,84].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Nyden, 2010, Adults with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD neuropsychological aspects, Res Dev Disabil source
- Not checked yetcites [84] Stahlberg, 2004, Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders in adults with childhood onset AD/HD and/or autism spectrum disorders, J Neural Transm source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, research suggests the existence of a distinct phenotype characterized by both co-occurring symptoms and the unique needs for treatment that address multiple domains.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Introduction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Risk profiles were determined using latent class growth analysis and supported the presence of 2 social communication trajectories (i.e., low risk and persistently impaired) and 4 hyperactivity inattentive trait trajectories (i.e., low risk, childhood limited symptoms, intermediate level symptoms, persistently impaired).”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] St. Pourcain, 2011, Links between co-occurring social-communication and hyperactive-inattentive trait trajectories, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings not only add to the discussion of shared etiology between the disorders but also highlight the types of deficits in social skills that may characterize co-occurring ADHD and ASD.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Children with ASD and co-occurring ADHD failed to gain social skills, whereas children with ASD without ADHD and children with ASD and anxiety both increased in overall social skills after the intervention [23].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Antshel, 2011, Comorbid ADHD and anxiety affect social skills group intervention treatment efficacy in children with autism spectrum disorders, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional research suggests that comorbid psychiatric conditions may be present from childhood into adulthood, but it is not clear when different problems emerge in the course of development.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Future Research Directions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The presence of ADHD is consistently associated with impaired performance on inhibition tasks (e.g., Stroop tasks) and sustained attention tasks (e.g., continuous performance task) [110].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Barkley, 1997, Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD, Psychol Bull source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many cases, social deficits associated with ADHD are viewed as a direct result of ADHD core symptoms: inattentive behaviors may lead a child to miss social cues during an activity with peers; impulsive behavior may result in a child speaking out inappropriately and upsetting peers; hyperactive behaviors interfere with organized activities and lead to avoidance of peers.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Children with the social communication type of impairments were more likely to experience repetitive behaviors, speech/language impairment, and developmental problems similar to ASD [97].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Santosh, 2004, Social impairment in hyperkinetic disorder — relationship to psychopathology and environmental stressors, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Currently, the treatment literature suggests that neither pharmacotherapy treatment nor social skills training has a positive effect on social outcomes for children with ADHD alone [55,100,101].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] de Boo, 2007, Social incompetence in children with ADHD: possible moderators and mediators in social-skills training, Clin Psychol Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Nijmeijer, 2008, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning, Clin Psychol Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [101] Storebo, 2011, Social skills training for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children aged 5 to 18 years, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research suggests that children with ADHD are rejected more often by their peers [94] and have fewer friends than typically developing peers [95].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Hoza, 2005, What aspects of peer relationships are impaired in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?, J Consult Clin Psychol source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Mikami, 2010, The importance of friendship for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the case of ADHD, Taurines et al. [68] proposed that different cooccurring conditions arise and influence ADHD differentially during the course of development.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Future Research Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Taurines, 2010, Developmental comorbidity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Atten Defic Hyperact Disord source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Of the children classified in the ADHD, plus the ASD group, significantly more problematic behaviors were also reported including oppositional behavior, withdrawn/ depressed, and total problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) [18].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Grzadzinski, 2011, Examining autistic traits in children with ADHD: does the autism spectrum extend to ADHD?, J Autism Dev Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“St. Pourcain et al. [9] followed over 5000 participants from ages 4 to 17 years and assessed social communication and hyperactive inattentive traits at multiple time points.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] St. Pourcain, 2011, Links between co-occurring social-communication and hyperactive-inattentive trait trajectories, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plainn = 5,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast to these findings among children, results from a recent study of adults with ADHD, ASD, and co-occurring ADHD/ASD found overall impairment in executive functioning in these groups, but there was no evidence that co-occurring ADHD and ASD was associated with greater deficits [83].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Nyden, 2010, Adults with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD neuropsychological aspects, Res Dev Disabil source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Treatment research from the fields of ADHD and ASD suggest benefits of early identification and intervention, and this is also likely to be critical for cases of co-occurrence [51,128].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Dawson, 2011, Behavioral interventions in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a review of recent findings, Curr Opin Pediatr source
- Not checked yetcites [128] Sonuga-Barke, 2011, Early detection and intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Expert Rev Neurother source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heterogeneity in functioning is a hallmark feature of both ADHD and ASD, with wide variability in presentation among individuals within each diagnostic category.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, early identification relies on improved diagnostic measures to facilitate assessment procedures and identification of co-occurring symptoms.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“With respect to psychosocial treatment, very few studies have examined behavioral interventions that directly address cooccurring symptoms, and existing treatment studies have rarely examined outcomes based on co-occurring symptoms profiles [23].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Antshel, 2011, Comorbid ADHD and anxiety affect social skills group intervention treatment efficacy in children with autism spectrum disorders, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even fewer studies have been published on intervention specifically to address executive function in the context of ASD, and no known studies have examined this question in individuals with co-occurring ADHD and ASD symptoms [122].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Soorya, 2009, Psychosocial interventions for motor coordiantion, executive functions, and socialization deficits in ADHD and ASD, Prim Psychiatry
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, Sinzig et al. [116] found disorderspecific impairments consistent with past research, but noted that children with ASD who had ADHD symptoms also displayed deficits in inhibition.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Current Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Sinzig, 2008, Inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning in autism spectrum disorders with and without comorbid ADHD-symptoms, Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on these studies and others, many clinicians and researchers have advocated for changes to the diagnostic criteria to allow co-diagnosis of ADHD and ASD [2,18].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Reiersen, 2008, Co-occurrence of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: phenomenology and treatment, Expert Rev Neurother source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Grzadzinski, 2011, Examining autistic traits in children with ADHD: does the autism spectrum extend to ADHD?, J Autism Dev Disord source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Permitting co-diagnosis will facilitate advances in research by eliminating the exclusion of many patients and allowing more heterogeneous samples.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These changes are currently being considered for the upcoming revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and will likely be incorporated into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition [125-127].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [125] 2012, American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 development, A 10 attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- Not checked yetcites [126] 2012, American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 development. A 09 autism spectrum disorder
- Not checked yetcites [127] Coghill, 2011, Do the diagnostic criteria for ADHD need to change? Comments on the preliminary proposals of the DSM-5 ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Committee, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interest in the co-occurrence of ADHD and ASD has grown tremendously in the last decade, with multiple published studies addressing questions of heritability and shared etiology [13,15,124], as well as common phenotypic and endophenotypic features [17,42].”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Smalley, 2002, Genetic linkage of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on chromosome 16p13, in a region implicated in autism, Am J Hum Genet source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Reiersen, 2008, Evidence for shared genetic influences on self-reported ADHD and autistic symptoms in young adult Australian twins, Twin Res Hum Genet source
- Not checked yetcites [124] Sinzig, 2007, What do we know about the serotonergic genetic heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity and autistic disorders?, Psychopathology source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Rommelse, 2011, A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Murray, 2010, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the context of autism spectrum disorders, Current Psychiatry Rep source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinically, DSM-5 changes will provide diagnostic clarification for clinicians who are already treating patients with both ADHD and ASD symptoms and will facilitate pharmacological and psychosocial treatment studies to guide care.”
§ Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder > Summary and Future Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Clinicians routinely observe and treat individuals with co-occurring ADHD and ASD symptoms.
“Given that clinicians are routinely observing and treating individuals with co-occurring symptoms, further research will yield needed information to inform intervention development and”
The paper relies on this without support.
Current behavioral treatments for ASD do not specifically target impairing ADHD symptoms.
“Current behavioral treatments for ASD do not specifically target impairing ADHD symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No known psychosocial interventions have been developed to target co-occurring ADHD and ASD.
“Although no known psychosocial interventions have been developed to target co-occurring ADHD and ASD, there are similarities across approaches that may influence future treatment development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about developmental trajectories when ADHD and ASD co-occur.
“Whereas most research to date has documented trajectories for ADHD and ASD separately, little is known regarding developmental trajectories when ADHD and ASD cooccur.”
The paper relies on this without support.
ASD can typically be detected earlier in development than ADHD.
“Given that ASD can typically be detected earlier in development than ADHD, it may be important to examine whether early ASD treatment can influence the stability of ADHD symptoms for a period of time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Guidelines for optimal pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for co-occurring ADHD and ASD are limited.
“Unfortunately, guidelines for optimal pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are limited.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For ASD, current pharmacological treatments primarily target comorbid symptoms rather than core social and communication impairments.
“For ASD, current pharmacological treatments primarily target comorbid symptoms (e.g., irritability, aggression, hyperactivity) rather than core social and communication impairments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early intensive ASD interventions can substantially impact ASD symptoms.
“Given that early intensive ASD interventions can have a substantial impact on ASD symptoms, it will be important to determine whether these early interventions can also mitigate the later development of impairing ADHD symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many patients present with multiple comorbid psychiatric symptoms or meet full diagnostic criteria for another psychiatric condition.
“Many patients present with multiple comorbid psychiatric symptoms or meet full diagnostic criteria for another psychiatric condition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social problems are not part of the core diagnostic criteria for ADHD, but social challenges are routinely recognized in individuals with ADHD.
“Social problems are not part of the core diagnostic criteria for ADHD; however, social challenges are routinely recognized in individuals with ADHD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The prevalence of co-occurring ADHD and ASD symptoms is high enough that studies likely included children with both conditions.
“It is likely that studies have included children with co-occurring ADHD and ASD, given the high prevalence of co-occurring symptoms, yet only 1 study has examined the effect of ADHD on treatment outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Co-diagnosis of ADHD and ASD is not currently permitted through the current diagnostic system.
“Although co-diagnosis of ADHD and ASD is not currently permitted through the current diagnostic system, clinicians who work with this population frequently observe overlapping symptoms and routinely treat them in their practice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Clinicians who work with this population frequently observe overlapping symptoms and routinely treat them in their practice.
“Although co-diagnosis of ADHD and ASD is not currently permitted through the current diagnostic system, clinicians who work with this population frequently observe overlapping symptoms and routinely treat them in their practice.”
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“However, the co-occurrence of these conditions makes it difficult to tease them apart, especially where the co-occurrence between autism and ADHD is high (1).”
From Joint Hypermobility Links Neurodivergence to Dysautonomia and Pain (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Davis, N. O., & Kollins, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Naomi Ornstein
- Venue
- Neurotherapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 518-530
- ISSN
- 1878-7479 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3441928
- OpenAlex
- W2073172022
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurotherapeutics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA023464)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, comorbidities, treatment development, psychosocial interventions, pharmacotherapy, ADHD medication, social skills deficits, developmental trajectories, psychiatric comorbidity, social communication deficits
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Humans, Biomedical Research
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