The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 88 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of review We review the current understanding of the burden of dermatological disease through the lens of the Global Burden of Disease project, evaluate the impact of skin disease on quality of life in a global context, explore socioeconomic implications, and finally summarize interventions towards improving quality of dermatologic care in resource-poor settings.Recent findings The Global Burden of Disease project has shown that skin diseases continue to be the 4 th leading cause of nonfatal disease burden world-wide. However, research efforts and funding do not match with the relative disability of skin diseases. International and national efforts, such as the WHO List of Essential Medicines, are critical towards reducing the socioeconomic burden of skin diseases and increasing access to care. Recent innovations such as teledermatology, point-of-care diagnostic tools, and task-shifting help to provide dermatological care to underserved regions in a cost-effective manner.Summary Skin diseases cause significant non-fatal disability worldwide, especially in resource-poor regions. Greater impetus to study the burden of skin disease in low resource settings and policy efforts towards delivering high quality care are essential in improving the burden of skin diseases.
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In the paper
“Seniors were much more likely to experience disability due to a skin condition.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Jobanputra R, Bachmann M. The effect of skin diseases on quality of life in patients from different social and ethnic groups in Cape Town. South Africa Int J Dermatol. 2000;39(11):826–31. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“the dermatological manifestations of systemic illnesses are not necessarily individually categorized; the burden of lupus erythematosus is therefore entirely included under that of musculoskeletal disease”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Burden of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] • Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, et al. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1527–34. Epidemiological study based on the 2010 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Far fewer studies exist examining the QoL of patients with skin conditions in the resource-poor world”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Jobanputra R, Bachmann M. The effect of skin diseases on quality of life in patients from different social and ethnic groups in Cape Town. South Africa Int J Dermatol. 2000;39(11):826–31. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Weisshaar E, Apfelbacher C, Jäger G, Zimmermann E, Bruckner T, Diepgen TL, et al. Pruritus as a leading symptom: clinical characteristics and quality of life in German and Ugandan patients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(5):957–64. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“many dermatologic medicines from this list are not available in hospital pharmacies”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Socioeconomic Implications of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Narwane S, Patel T, Shetty Y, Chikhalkar S. Drug utilization and cost analysis for common skin diseases in dermatology OPD of an Indian tertiary care hospital-a prescription survey. 2011. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“a study of QoL in Ugandan patients found a significant burden of depressed mood and poor self-image secondary to pruritus”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Weisshaar E, Apfelbacher C, Jäger G, Zimmermann E, Bruckner T, Diepgen TL, et al. Pruritus as a leading symptom: clinical characteristics and quality of life in German and Ugandan patients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(5):957–64. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There remains a mismatch between resource allocation and the skin diseases with the greatest disability burden – both in grant funding and systematic reviews”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Improving Quality of Care through Innovation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] • Karimkhani C, Boyers LN, Margolis DJ, Naghavi M, Hay RJ, Williams HC, et al. Comparing cutaneous research Funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases with 2010 Global Burden of Disease results. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(7):e102122. Study examines relationship of NIAMS grant funding with relative skin disease burden for 15 skin diseases included in the Global Burden of Disease 2010. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Karimkhani C, Boyers LN, Prescott L, Welch V, Delamere FM, Nasser M, et al. Global burden of skin disease as reflected in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(9):945–51. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“infectious causes of skin conditions, such as viral warts, pyoderma, cellulitis, and scabies, causing greater burden among children”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Burden of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] •• Karimkhani C, Dellavalle RP, Coffeng LE, Flohr C, Hay RJ, Langan SM, et al. Global skin disease morbidity and mortality: An Update From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. JAMA Dermatol [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1. Epidemiological study based on the 2013 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“clinical severity has not been uniformly associated with decreased QoL”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Mosam A, Vawda NB, Gordhan AH, Nkwanyana N, Aboobaker J. Quality of life issues for South Africans with acne vulgaris. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30(1):6–9. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“a Peruvian initiative against the spread of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis successfully improved the scope of treatment and follow-up of patients with funding of medications and resources by the Ministry of Health”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Socioeconomic Implications of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Guthmann J-P, Arlt D, Garcia LML, Rosales M, de Jesus SJ, Alvarez E, et al. Control of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a neglected disease: results of a control programme in Satipo Province, Peru. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10(9):856–62. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“the GBD is based on the ICD classification system, which leads to categorization of certain skin conditions under other entities, for example, melanoma is classified under “cancer.””
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Burden of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] • Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, et al. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1527–34. Epidemiological study based on the 2010 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
In the paper
“In 2013, skin conditions contributed 1.79% to the total global burden of disease measured in DALYs across 306 diseases and injuries.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Burden of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] •• Karimkhani C, Dellavalle RP, Coffeng LE, Flohr C, Hay RJ, Langan SM, et al. Global skin disease morbidity and mortality: An Update From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. JAMA Dermatol [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1. Epidemiological study based on the 2013 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“skin and subcutaneous disorders were the 4th leading cause of nonfatal disease burden worldwide in 2010 and 2013”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Recommendations · plain
“skin diseases were the 4th leading cause of non-fatal morbidity worldwide in 2010 and 2013”
- Also stated in: § Recent Findings · plain
“skin diseases continue to be the 4th leading cause of nonfatal disease burden world-wide”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] • Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, et al. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1527–34. Epidemiological study based on the 2010 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Summary and Recommendations · plain
In the paper
“Dermatitis (encompassing atopic, seborrheic, and contact types) resulted in the greatest burden of the skin conditions, costing 9.3 million DALYs”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Burden of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] •• Karimkhani C, Dellavalle RP, Coffeng LE, Flohr C, Hay RJ, Langan SM, et al. Global skin disease morbidity and mortality: An Update From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. JAMA Dermatol [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1. Epidemiological study based on the 2013 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Melanoma causes the greatest burden in resource-rich regions such as Australia and North America”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Burden of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] •• Karimkhani C, Dellavalle RP, Coffeng LE, Flohr C, Hay RJ, Langan SM, et al. Global skin disease morbidity and mortality: An Update From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. JAMA Dermatol [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1. Epidemiological study based on the 2013 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“teasing can have devastating long-term effects on mental health, predisposing children to anxiety disorders and social phobias”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] McCabe RE, Antony MM, Summerfeldt LJ, Liss A, Swinson RP. Preliminary examination of the relationship between anxiety disorders in adults and self-reported history of teasing or bullying experiences. Cogn Behav Ther. 2003;32(4):187–93. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We know that living in close quarters predisposes one to infection”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Socioeconomic Implications of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Harrison LH, Dwyer DM, Maples CT, Billmann L. Risk of meningococcal infection in college students. JAMA. 1999;281(20):1906–10. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ugandan patients with itch were younger, more likely to have HIV, and less impacted by itch when compared to German patients.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Weisshaar E, Apfelbacher C, Jäger G, Zimmermann E, Bruckner T, Diepgen TL, et al. Pruritus as a leading symptom: clinical characteristics and quality of life in German and Ugandan patients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(5):957–64. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders (including skin diseases) comprised 3.7% of the total cost burden.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Socioeconomic Implications of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Dror DM, van Putten-Rademaker O, Koren R. Cost of illness: evidence from a study in five resource-poor locations in India. 2008.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“German patients were older, more likely to have end-stage renal disease, and more impacted by itch.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Weisshaar E, Apfelbacher C, Jäger G, Zimmermann E, Bruckner T, Diepgen TL, et al. Pruritus as a leading symptom: clinical characteristics and quality of life in German and Ugandan patients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(5):957–64. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the United States, the direct and indirect cost of skin disease in 2013 was $75 billion and $11 billion, respectively”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Socioeconomic Implications of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Lim HW, Collins SAB, Resneck Jr JS, Bolognia JL, Hodge JA, Rohrer TA, et al. The burden of skin disease in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962217300166 .
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The effects of skin conditions on QoL in resource-replete settings is profound and well-documented”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] • Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, et al. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1527–34. Epidemiological study based on the 2010 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Basra M, Fenech R, Gatt R, Salek M, Finlay A. The Dermatology Life Quality Index 1994–2007: a comprehensive review of validation data and clinical results. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(5):997–1035.
- Not checked yetcites [12] Beattie PE, Lewis-Jones MS. A comparative study of impairment of quality of life in children with skin disease and children with other chronic childhood diseases. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(1):145–51. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“clinical severity, as measured by clinicians using formal grading scales, does not always correlate with patients’ perceptions of their condition’s severity. The discrepancy appears to be disease-specific.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Mosam A, Vawda NB, Gordhan AH, Nkwanyana N, Aboobaker J. Quality of life issues for South Africans with acne vulgaris. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30(1):6–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Hariram P, Mosam A, Aboobaker J, Esterhuizen T. Quality of life in psoriasis patients in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77(3):333–4. source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Aghaei S, Moradi A, Ardekani G. Impact of psoriasis on quality of life in Iran. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2009;75(2):220. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women reported greater impact on self-esteem, clothing choice, treatment problems and clothing choice in the South African study.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Jobanputra R, Bachmann M. The effect of skin diseases on quality of life in patients from different social and ethnic groups in Cape Town. South Africa Int J Dermatol. 2000;39(11):826–31. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“dermatologic diseases are receiving more attention and have increasingly been included on the WHO List of Essential Medicines”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Socioeconomic Implications of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Laing R, Waning B, Gray A, Ford N, t Hoen E. 25 years of the WHO essential medicines lists: progress and challenges. Lancet. 5;361(9370):1723–9. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Infectious skin conditions are prevalent among disenfranchised people. The homeless, prisoners, and victims of violence are disproportionately affected in these settings”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Socioeconomic Implications of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Worth C, Heukelbach J, Fengler G, Walter B, Liesenfeld O, Feldmeier H. Impaired quality of life in adults and children with scabies from an impoverished community in Brazil. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51(3):275–82. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Raoult D, Foucault C, Brouqui P. Infections in the homeless. Lancet Infect Dis. 1(2):77–84. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“dermatitis has the highest DALY rate in Sub-Saharan Africa”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Burden of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] •• Karimkhani C, Dellavalle RP, Coffeng LE, Flohr C, Hay RJ, Langan SM, et al. Global skin disease morbidity and mortality: An Update From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. JAMA Dermatol [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1. Epidemiological study based on the 2013 Global Burden of Disease project that measures the burden of skin diseases worldwide, with burden of individual skin diseases measured in DALYs. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Without international guidelines, healthcare professionals in already resource strapped settings may be pushed to rely on unvalidated information, leading to patient harm”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Improving Quality of Care through Innovation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Paul S, Evans R, Maurer T, Muhe LM, Freeman EE. Treatment of dermatological conditions associated with HIV/AIDS: the scarcity of guidance on a global scale. AIDS Res Treat. 2016;2016:e3272483.
- Not checked yetcites [32] Oxman AD, Lavis JN, Fretheim A. Use of evidence in WHO recommendations. Lancet. 2007;369(9576):1883–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pruritus had an adverse effect on QoL in both primary dermatoses and systemic disorders, though primary dermatoses were more commonly associated with poor self-image.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Impact of Skin Disease on Quality of Life
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Weisshaar E, Apfelbacher C, Jäger G, Zimmermann E, Bruckner T, Diepgen TL, et al. Pruritus as a leading symptom: clinical characteristics and quality of life in German and Ugandan patients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(5):957–64. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mortality due to melanoma was found to be 4.7 times higher in resource-rich countries compared to resource-poor in 2010”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Burden of Skin Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Boyers LN, Karimkhani C, Naghavi M, Sherwood D, Margolis DJ, Hay RJ, et al. Global mortality from conditions with skin manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(6):1137–43.e17. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to few high-quality trials in resource-poor settings, there is little data on the true impact of dermatological conditions in these regions.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Summary and Recommendations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a dearth of high-quality trials on treatment approaches for skin conditions such as HIV-associated skin conditions.
In the paper
“Teledermatology can help to overcome these gaps in care, allowing for better access to a trained dermatologist, reduced travel and waiting times, and support for local staff”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Improving Quality of Care through Innovation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Wootton R. Telehealth in the developing world. IDRC; 2009. 336 p.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the field of HIV/AIDS, task shifting has been deemed imperative with evidence that nurses can prescribe antiretroviral treatments just as effectively as physicians”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Improving Quality of Care through Innovation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Eholié S-P, Aoussi FE, Ouattara IS, Bissagnéné E, Anglaret X. HIV treatment and care in resource-constrained environments: challenges for the next decade. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2012 Aug 22 [cited 2017 Apr 5];15(2) Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3494167/ . source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Sanne I, Orrell C, Fox MP, Conradie F, Ive P, Zeinecker J, et al. Nurse versus doctor management of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (CIPRA-SA): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2010;376(9734):33–40. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mobile teledermatology uses cell phones to transmit images, allows for more versatility than its often more unwieldy store-and-forward counterpart, and has good concordance with the outcomes of a face-to-face visit”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Improving Quality of Care through Innovation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Osei-tutu A, Shih T, Rosen A, Amanquah N, Chowdhury M, Nijhawan RI, et al. Mobile teledermatology in Ghana: sending and answering consults via mobile platform. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(2):e90–1. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Azfar RS, Lee RA, Castelo-Soccio L, Greenberg MS, Bilker WB, Gelfand JM, et al. Reliability and validity of mobile Teledermatology in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Botswana: a pilot study. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(6):601–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Tran K, Ayad M, Weinberg J, Cherng A, Chowdhury M, Monir S, et al. Mobile teledermatology in the developing world: implications of a feasibility study on 30 Egyptian patients with common skin diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(2):302–9. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The governments of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh pledged to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis by 2015, which along with improved treatment access, prompted the development of a simple point-of-care diagnostic tool which detects antibody agglutination”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Improving Quality of Care through Innovation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Mabey D, Peeling RW, Ustianowski A, Perkins MD. Tropical infectious diseases: diagnostics for the developing world. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004;2(3):231–40. source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Yager P, Domingo GJ, Gerdes J. Point-of-care diagnostics for global health. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2008;10:107–44. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The devastating social stigma associated with skin diseases means that many patients are not actually “seen” by research trials and international organizations.”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Summary and Recommendations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Regional Dermatology Training Center in Tanzania was established in 1992 to provide dermatologic training for nurses in the Sub-Saharan region”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Improving Quality of Care through Innovation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Hu J, McKoy K, Papier A, Klaus S, Ryan T, Grossman H, et al. Dermatology and HIV/AIDS in Africa. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011;3(3):275–80. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Teledermatology has been validated in both infectious conditions such as HIV-associated skin conditions and chronic conditions, such as atopic dermatitis”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Improving Quality of Care through Innovation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Azfar RS, Lee RA, Castelo-Soccio L, Greenberg MS, Bilker WB, Gelfand JM, et al. Reliability and validity of mobile Teledermatology in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Botswana: a pilot study. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(6):601–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Armstrong AW, Johnson MA, Lin S, Maverakis E, Fazel N, Liu F-T. Patient-centered, direct-access online care for management of atopic dermatitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(2):154–60. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“resource-poor areas more likely to suffer the burden of infectious skin conditions, while resource-rich areas shoulder the burden of malignancies”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Summary and Recommendations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Improving access to care is not the same as increasing access to high quality care”
§ Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations > Summary and Recommendations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] • Scott KW, Jha AK. Putting quality on the global health agenda. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(1):3–5. Perspective that emphasizes that access to high-quality care is an important goal when addressing global health need. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the socioeconomic burden of skin disease in resource-poor settings, and studies examining the cost of skin care in these settings are rare.
“Little is known about the socioeconomic burden of skin disease in resource-poor settings. Studies examining the cost of skin care in these settings are rare.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a shortage of literature addressing the development of innovative diagnostic tools for dermatology in resource-poor settings.
“There is a shortage of literature that addresses the development of innovative diagnostic tools for dermatology in resource-poor settings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a dearth of high-quality trials on treatment approaches for skin conditions such as HIV-associated skin conditions.
“There is a dearth of high quality trials on treatment approaches for skin conditions, such as HIV-associated skin conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
GBD estimates for skin and subcutaneous diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa are based on only 53 studies, while estimates for the United States are based on 62 studies.
“the GBD estimates for skin and subcutaneous diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa, a designation that encompasses 46 independent nations, are based on only 53 studies, while estimates for the United States alone, with a population of approximately 1/3rd the size, are based on 62 studies”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Given limited specialist access in primary care settings where most skin conditions are initially evaluated56,57”
From A Multimodal Vision Foundation Model for Clinical Dermatology (2025) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Eight diseases are listed as seven
MinorThe sentence says seven skin diseases were underrepresented, but the parenthetical list contains eight.
“seven skin diseases”
“cellulitis, decubitus ulcer, urticaria, acne vulgaris, viral skin diseases, fungal skin diseases, scabies, and melanoma”
Citations
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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUCONAZOLE TOPICAL NANOSPONGE HYDROGEL
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Open- and Closed-Label Placebo and Nocebo Suggestions About a Sham Transdermal Patch
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Self-citationPrevalence of skin diseases in school-age children
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Skin Disease Detection and Classification
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An Innovative Fluid Dynamic System to Model Inflammation in Human Skin Explants
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Evaluating the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for skin disease
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DermaGenics - Early Detection of Melanoma using YOLOv5 Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
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Nanovesicles for the treatment of skin disorders
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Metadata
- Authors
- Seth, D., Cheldize, K., Brown, D., & Freeman, E. E.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Freeman, Esther E.
- Venue
- Current Dermatology Reports
- Published
- 2017-08-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 204-210
- ISSN
- 2162-4933 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5718374
- OpenAlex
- W2742893201
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 14.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Current Dermatology Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P30AI060354)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Dermatological diseases and infestations
- Keywords
- skin diseases, global burden of disease, disability burden, quality of life, socioeconomic burden, access to dermatologic care, resource-limited settings, teledermatology, point-of-care testing, task shifting, health disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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