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Cited by 1,706Dermatology and Skin DiseasesDermatological diseases and infestationsGlobal Health and Epidemiology

The Global Burden of Skin Disease in 2010: An Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Skin Conditions

Open access
Hay, Roderick J., Johns, Nicole E., Williams, Hywel C., Bolliger, Ian W., Dellavalle, Robert P., Margolis, David J., Marks, Robin, Naldi, Luigi +5 more·2014·Journal of Investigative Dermatology
DOI 10.1038/jid.2013.446
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Abstract

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2010 estimated the GBD attributable to 15 categories of skin disease from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries. For each of the following diseases, we performed systematic literature reviews and analyzed resulting data: eczema, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, pruritus, alopecia areata, decubitus ulcer, urticaria, scabies, fungal skin diseases, impetigo, abscess, and other bacterial skin diseases, cellulitis, viral warts, molluscum contagiosum, and non-melanoma skin cancer. We used disability estimates to determine nonfatal burden. Three skin conditions, fungal skin diseases, other skin and subcutaneous diseases, and acne were in the top 10 most prevalent diseases worldwide in 2010, and eight fell into the top 50; these additional five skin problems were pruritus, eczema, impetigo, scabies, and molluscum contagiosum. Collectively, skin conditions ranged from the 2nd to 11th leading cause of years lived with disability at the country level. At the global level, skin conditions were the fourth leading cause of nonfatal disease burden. Using more data than has been used previously, the burden due to these diseases is enormous in both high- and low-income countries. These results argue strongly to include skin disease prevention and treatment in future global health strategies as a matter of urgency.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/jid.2013.446

Cites

28 of 28 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 19 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning

    Eczema consistently contributes a large share of disability burden worldwide.

    “However, the high burden of disability related to eczema remains consistent globally.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At the country level, skin conditions ranged from the 2nd to 11th leading cause of years lived with disability in 2010.

    “Collectively, skin conditions ranged from being the 2nd to 11th leading cause of years lived with disability at the country level for 2010; they range from 3rd to 28th, taking into account premature deaths.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    In Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, and tropical Americas, skin infections accounted for a higher proportion of the skin disease burden.

    “In Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, and the tropical Americas, skin infections assume a higher proportion of the disease burden (Leekassa et al., 2005;Steer et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Leekassa et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Steer et al., 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    Albania, Lithuania, Romania, and Indonesia had the lowest nonfatal skin disease burden per capita in both 1990 and 2010.

    “Singapore, Brunei, Hungary, and Sudan experienced the most nonfatal skin disease burden per capita in both 1990 and 2010, and Albania, Lithuania, Romania, and Indonesia the least.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Singapore, Brunei, Hungary, and Sudan had the highest nonfatal skin disease burden per capita in both 1990 and 2010.

    “Singapore, Brunei, Hungary, and Sudan experienced the most nonfatal skin disease burden per capita in both 1990 and 2010, and Albania, Lithuania, Romania, and Indonesia the least.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 24
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Fungal skin diseases were the 4th most prevalent disease globally in 2010, with an estimated prevalence of 984,290,432.

    “Three skin conditions were in the top 10 most prevalent diseases globally in 2010-fungal skin diseases (4th global prevalence ¼ 984,290,432), other skin and subcutaneous diseases (5th), and acne vulgaris (8th global prevalence ¼ 645,499,136; Vos et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vos et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Pruritus had a global prevalence of 279,889,120 in 2010.

    “There are further five skin diseases in the top 50 most common causes of diseasepruritus (global prevalence ¼ 279,889,120), eczema (global prevalence ¼ 229,761,000), impetigo (global prevalence ¼ 140,495,000), molluscum contagiosum/warts (global prevalence ¼ 122,601,000), and scabies (global prevalence ¼ 100,625,000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    People over 70 carry a high skin disease burden, with eczema, ulcers, other skin conditions, NMSC, infections, and pruritus as major problems.

    “There is also a high burden of skin disease in the elderly above the age of 70 years, where eczema, ulceration, other skin conditions, NMSC, infections, and pruritus are key problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Regional prevalence rates differ substantially by cause: western Europe had the highest pruritus prevalence and lowest scabies prevalence; eastern sub-Saharan Africa had the highest cellulitis, fungal skin disease, and viral warts prevalence and lowest urticaria prevalence.

    “Rates differ substantially by cause across regions: western Europe has the highest prevalence rate for pruritus but the lowest for scabies and eastern sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of cellulitis, fungal skin disease, and viral warts but the lowest rates of urticaria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Skin problems become an important cause of disability by age 1, and disability levels are high in adolescence.

    “By age 1 year, skin problems already assume importance as a reason for disability with high levels seen in teenage years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Impetigo had a global prevalence of 140,495,000 in 2010.

    “There are further five skin diseases in the top 50 most common causes of diseasepruritus (global prevalence ¼ 279,889,120), eczema (global prevalence ¼ 229,761,000), impetigo (global prevalence ¼ 140,495,000), molluscum contagiosum/warts (global prevalence ¼ 122,601,000), and scabies (global prevalence ¼ 100,625,000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Scabies had a global prevalence of 100,625,000 in 2010.

    “There are further five skin diseases in the top 50 most common causes of diseasepruritus (global prevalence ¼ 279,889,120), eczema (global prevalence ¼ 229,761,000), impetigo (global prevalence ¼ 140,495,000), molluscum contagiosum/warts (global prevalence ¼ 122,601,000), and scabies (global prevalence ¼ 100,625,000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Acne vulgaris was the 8th most prevalent disease globally in 2010, with an estimated prevalence of 645,499,136.

    “Three skin conditions were in the top 10 most prevalent diseases globally in 2010-fungal skin diseases (4th global prevalence ¼ 984,290,432), other skin and subcutaneous diseases (5th), and acne vulgaris (8th global prevalence ¼ 645,499,136; Vos et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vos et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Molluscum contagiosum/warts had a global prevalence of 122,601,000 in 2010.

    “There are further five skin diseases in the top 50 most common causes of diseasepruritus (global prevalence ¼ 279,889,120), eczema (global prevalence ¼ 229,761,000), impetigo (global prevalence ¼ 140,495,000), molluscum contagiosum/warts (global prevalence ¼ 122,601,000), and scabies (global prevalence ¼ 100,625,000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Eczema had a global prevalence of 229,761,000 in 2010.

    “There are further five skin diseases in the top 50 most common causes of diseasepruritus (global prevalence ¼ 279,889,120), eczema (global prevalence ¼ 229,761,000), impetigo (global prevalence ¼ 140,495,000), molluscum contagiosum/warts (global prevalence ¼ 122,601,000), and scabies (global prevalence ¼ 100,625,000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Training from the Institute of Health Metrics and a shared procedure manual were used to standardize the investigation.

    “To ensure uniformity of investigational approach, training was provided by the Institute of Health Metrics, and participants used a common procedure manual.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Studies were included if published from 1980 to 2010 and reported relevant disease incidence or prevalence.

    “The inclusion criteria were studies that were published between 1980 and 2010 that provided data on relevant disease incidence or prevalence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Between 30% and 70% of people are affected by skin disease, and at-risk subgroups have higher rates.

    “It pervades all cultures, occurs at all ages, and affects between 30% and 70% of individuals, with even higher rates in at-risk subpopulations (NHANES, 1978;Bickers et al., 2006;Scholfield et al., 2009;Hay and Fuller, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites NHANES, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bickers et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Scholfield et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    A Bayesian meta-regression tool, DisMod-MR, was used to harmonize discordant estimates and fill geographic, temporal, and age-sex gaps.

    “Data were analyzed using a Baysian meta-regression tool, described below, to harmonize discordant data where multiple estimates were available as well as fill in gaps in geography, time, or age-sex groups, where data were lacking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Disability weights came from a survey using international volunteer panels, telephone interviews, and a web tool, with consistency shown across six sources.

    “Disability was derived from an analysis of the comparative impact of the direct disabling consequences of skin disease such as itch and disfigurement against other conditions through a disability weights survey, which involved the use of international panels of volunteers, a telephone-based survey, and a web-based tool.Consistency was demonstrated among all six sources (Salomon et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Salomon et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Data sources varied in age ranges, survey design, and case definitions.

    “In terms of age ranges, design of surveys, and even case definitions, data sources did not follow a uniform approach.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    YLD and DALY estimates were applied to entire populations without adjustment for social class or environment.

    “Both measures are applied to whole populations without differentiating for potential variables such as social class or environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Poverty, affluence, inequality, education, and health-care access are important social determinants in skin disease epidemiology.

    “Social factors such as poverty, affluence, inequality, education, and access to health care all have an important role in the epidemiology of skin disease (NHANES, 1978;Williams et al., 1994;Gibbs, 1996;Figueroa et al., 1998;Scholfield et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites NHANES, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Williams et al., 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gibbs, 1996 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Although similar skin disease severity can affect individuals very differently, disability weights were defined uniformly for consistency and due to data limits.

    “Skin diseases of similar severities and extents will affect different subject's lives in strikingly different ways, but for consistency and because of data limitations, the disability weights were defined as such.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The team identified substantial regional gaps and variable data quality.

    “The study group also found, as anticipated, that there were substantial areas of missing and variable quality data at the regional level.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The GBD 2010 Skin Conditions Expert Group led data collection and disease consultation.

    “The GBD 2010 Skin Conditions Expert Group provided the lead in data collection and disease consultation for all analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Exclusion criteria covered self-reported data lacking physician validation, occupational groups, first hospital or clinic presentation unless deemed accurate, non-random samples, specific ethnic or social groups, dates outside 1980-2010, samples under 100, clinical trial experimental arms, and papers giving estimates rather than data.

    “Studies were excluded for the following reasons: Data in study were self-reported unless it had been validated by the diagnosis of a trained physician”
    • Also stated in: § Search strategy for identification of studies · plain
      “Sample size smaller than 100 Experimental arm of a clinical trial Papers that provided estimates rather than data”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The burden of skin disease often falls most heavily on children and their families.

    “Children and their families often bear the brunt of this disease burden (Mahe, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mahe, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The review process had three stages: title/abstract screening, full-article review, and quality-criteria evaluation.

    “The reviews were carried out in three stages: Round (1): Title/abstract review of hits from searches of medical literature databases.”
    • Also stated in: § Search strategy for identification of studies · plain
      “Round (2): Whole article review of hits remaining after Round 1. Round (3): Evaluation of articles remaining after Round 2 using agreed quality criteria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The literature review for data collection had two stages.

    “Data were collected in a two stage literature review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The analysis used 895 country-years of data from 82 countries, with individual cause models using 16 to 155 country-years.

    “Ultimately, 895 country-years of data were used, covering 82 countries.Individual cause models used from 16 to 155 country-years worth of data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Previously reported GBD estimated annual deaths for skin disease included 66.5×10^3 from bacterial skin infections such as cellulitis and 30.6×10^3 from NMSC.

    “Previously reported GBD estimated annual deaths for skin disease included 66.5 Â 10 3 from bacterial skin infections such as cellulitis and 30.6 Â 10 3 from NMSC (Lozano et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lozano et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Disease definitions were standardized: atopic dermatitis used the UK Working Party definition, NMSC required histopathological confirmation, and other conditions used diagnosis by a trained health worker.

    “Standardized disease definitions were established in several ways.For instance, with atopic dermatitis, within the broader heading of eczema, definitions such as the UK working party definition of AD were used (Williams et al., 1994).Likewise in NMSC histopathological confirmation was required.Elsewhere, the diagnosis of a trained health worker was the standard case definition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Williams et al., 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Using ICD-10 for skin disease classification placed most dermatology-clinic diseases under skin, but some skin problems fell under other specialties.

    “The classification of skin disease was derived from International Classification of Disease 10, which led to the inclusion of most diseases seen in dermatology clinics under skin, but other skin problems under other medical specialities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Skin conditions are common, rank among the most prevalent and disabling diseases, and cause substantial loss of healthy life.

    “However, this can now be contextualized with all other disease to show that skin conditions are both widespread and among the most prevalent and disabling diseases, and a source of considerable loss of healthy life.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The smaller skin-infection burden in high-income Asia suggests that poverty, as well as climate, shapes risk.

    “The lower burden due to skin infection in the high-income Asian region highlights the impact of poverty in addition to climate in defining risk.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Systematic literature reviews were conducted and data analyzed for each of 15 skin disease categories.

    “For each of the following diseases, we performed systematic literature reviews and analyzed resulting data: eczema, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, pruritus, alopecia areata, decubitus ulcer, urticaria, scabies, fungal skin diseases, impetigo, abscess, and other bacterial skin diseases, cellulitis, viral warts, molluscum contagiosum, and non-melanoma skin cancer.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Skin disease impact should be assessed against local health needs, since regional disability differences may stem from both prevalence and health-care access.

    “Therefore, the impact of skin diseases must be viewed in terms of local health needs, as regional variations in disability may reflect differences in both prevalence and availability of health care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The team searched global literature and databases for incidence, prevalence, and remission data, applying accepted case definitions and strict validity criteria.

    “The team reviewed world literature and databases for incidence, prevalence, and remission rates, using acceptable case definitions and stringent criteria for validity of data collection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
34 of 34

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Skin disease receives comparatively little attention in national and global health policy discussions.

    “Yet despite this profound impact, skin disease continues to receive relatively little attention in the national or global health debate.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A few skin conditions account for most of the skin disease burden.

    “a pattern dominated by a few conditions accounting for most of the skin disease burden.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • More than 2000 recognized skin diseases exist, spanning inflammatory dermatoses, infections, deposit disease, and neoplastic lesions.

    “Among the challenges in this field are the vast range of skin pathologies, with more than 2000 recognized skin diseases spanning from inflammatory dermatoses, infections, deposit disease, and neoplastic lesions [1].”

    From Artificial Intelligence in Dermatopathology: An Update and Review of the Current Literature (2026) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Introduction and Materials and Methods describe more than 1,000 skin or skin-related disease entities, supporting the claim that skin diseases are numerous, but not its figure of more than 2,000. The conditions listed include inflammatory diseases, infections, and non-melanoma skin cancer; the copy does not identify deposit disease as part of the claimed range. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • AI models have been proven to provide high sensitivity in identifying malignant tumors and differentiating various skin diseases, making them useful for dermatologists.

    “These models have been proven to provide high sensitivity in the identification of malignant tumors and differentiation of various skin diseases thus being useful for dermatologists (6, 39, 40).”

    From Revolutionizing dermatopathology using AI in skin diagnostics: scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as [39]

    The Analysis of data section describes epidemiological modeling of skin-disease prevalence, not AI-based diagnosis. The Introduction and Discussion mention melanoma and dermatology clinics but do not report AI models’ diagnostic sensitivity or usefulness to dermatologists. Searches for AI-model sensitivity and skin-lesion classification found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Skin and subcutaneous disorders ranked fourth among causes of nonfatal disease burden globally in 2010 and 2013.

    “skin and subcutaneous disorders were the 4th leading cause of nonfatal disease burden worldwide in 2010 and 2013”

    From Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations (2017) · cites this paper as [4]

  • GBD skin disease burden estimates are likely underestimated because ICD classification places some skin conditions under other entities, such as melanoma under cancer.

    “the GBD is based on the ICD classification system, which leads to categorization of certain skin conditions under other entities, for example, melanoma is classified under “cancer.””

    From Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations (2017) · cites this paper as [4]

  • Effects of skin conditions on quality of life in resource-replete settings are profound and well-documented.

    “The effects of skin conditions on QoL in resource-replete settings is profound and well-documented”

    From Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations (2017) · cites this paper as [4]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update, 2008, Global Burden of Disease
  2. Mahe, 2005, Epidemiology and Management of Common Skin Diseases in Children in Developing Countries. WHO
  3. NHANES, 1978, Skin conditions and related need for medical care among persons 1–74 years . NHANES:, United States, 1971–1974 DHEW Publication 1978 No. (PHS),, pp 79
  4. Royal College of General Practitioners Research Unit (UK), 2010, Royal College of General Practitioners Research Unit (UK)
  5. Scholfield, 2009, Skin Conditions in the UK: A Health Needs Assessment

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Hay, R. J., Johns, N. E., Williams, H. C., Bolliger, I. W., Dellavalle, R. P., Margolis, D. J., Marks, R., Naldi, L., Weinstock, M. A., Wulf, S. K., Michaud, C., J.L. Murray, C., & Naghavi, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Washington (US)
  • University of Nottingham (GB)
  • Denver VA Medical Center (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Skin and Cancer Foundation (AU)
  • Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (IT)
  • Brown University (US)
  • China Medical Board (US)
Corresponding author
Hay, Roderick J.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2014-06
Volume
134
Issue
6
Pages
1527-1534
ISSN
0022-202X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/jid.2013.446
OpenAlex
W2051521434
Semantic Scholar
5f720423986eece0d00d0b522e9e594f0a7ca829
Cited by
1,706
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 144 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 185 · 2023: 202 · 2022: 201 · 2021: 144 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 116 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 21
FWCI
64.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Dermatological diseases and infestations
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Global Health and Epidemiology
Keywords
skin diseases, global burden of disease, prevalence, years lived with disability, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, pruritus, alopecia areata, pressure ulcers, urticaria, scabies, fungal skin infection, impetigo, bacterial skin infections, cellulitis, viral warts, molluscum contagiosum, non-melanoma skin cancer
MeSH terms
Dermatology, Female, Disabled Persons, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Male, Mortality, Skin, Skin Diseases, Skin Neoplasms, Global Health, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Quality-Adjusted Life Years

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

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