The DOI matches its Crossref record; 285 of the 285 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 130 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes how biochar affects nutrient dynamics in soil and plants, acting as a nutrient source, nutrient sink, and soil conditioner. It reports that outcomes depend strongly on feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, application rate, and soil type, with generally positive but variable effects on nutrient retention, leaching, gaseous losses, and crop nutrient uptake.
Key findings
- Biochar nutrient contents vary widely: N ranges from 0.24 to 6.8%, and P from 0.005 to 5.9%; manure- and biosolid-based biochars generally contain more N and P than wood- and straw-based biochars. N content decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature, while P and K contents increase due to ash concentration effects.
- Biochar can reduce nutrient losses: NO₃⁻ leaching was reduced by 26% (Fig. 7), and a meta-analysis cited in the review showed about a 54% reduction in N₂O emissions with biochar application. N₂O-N emission factor and yield-scaled N₂O emissions were reduced by 16–67% and 14–53%, respectively (Li et al. 2017a). However, biochar could temporarily increase NH₃ volatilization by 19%.
- Biochar alters soil properties relevant to nutrients: biochar pH ranges from 6.52 to 12.64 and correlates positively with pyrolysis temperature. Rice husk biochar at 3, 6, and 12 t ha⁻¹ increased water-stable aggregates by 10, 18, and 23%, respectively, at 0–10 cm in the first year; maize straw biochar at 10–60 t ha⁻¹ increased soil porosity from 42.5% to 48–56%.
- Nutrient uptake and use efficiency responses are mostly positive but inconsistent: biochar increased N uptake by 11% (Fig. 7); P uptake increased by 23–2096% in some studies; NUE and PUE increased by 90 and 191%, respectively, with biochar up to 20 t ha⁻¹. Negative or neutral effects on N, Ca, Mg, and micronutrient uptake are also reported.
Methods
- Narrative review synthesizing published literature on biochar production and characteristics, effects on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, biochar as a nutrient source, and impacts on nutrient reactions, leaching, gaseous emission, uptake, and nutrient use efficiency.
- The paper organizes evidence in Tables 1–6 and conceptual figures, drawing on cited studies across feedstocks, pyrolysis temperatures, soils, and crops.
- No new primary experiment or formal meta-analysis is described; the review does not state a systematic literature search or selection protocol.
Limitations
- The paper states future research recommendations rather than a formal limitations section: long-term field studies are needed instead of pot or column studies; feedstock selection and application rate should be studied in relation to nutrient availability; methods to increase biochar N content should be considered; P availability across pyrolysis temperatures needs study; and biochar–microbe interactions affecting nutrient transformation require further work.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not describe systematic search or quantitative synthesis methods, and it repeatedly notes inconsistent effects of biochar on N availability, Ca, Mg, and micronutrient uptake depending on biochar type, rate, soil, and crop.
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Claims the paper makes
104 Not checked yet · 26 No basis given · 22 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 2 Own result · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“the P and K contents increase due to an increase in ash content (Christel et al. 2016;Tomczyk et al. 2020;Wang et al. 2013).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Christel et al. 2016 source
- Supportedcites Tomczyk et al. 2020 source
Section 2.4 (page not provided) states that ash content increases with pyrolysis temperature and explains increases in potassium and phosphorus in high-temperature biochars as due to increased ash content. This supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. 2013 source
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As a source, biochar can supply nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and other trace elements inherently present in the original feedstock used for biochar production (Purakayastha et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Purakayastha et al. 2019 source
The Introduction (p. 7) says biochar can supply nutrients directly to plants. Section 4 (p. 13) says it contains macro- and micronutrients and that its composition depends on the feedstock. The discussion on p. 21 cautions that not all nutrients in biochar are readily available, but that does not conflict with the claim that it can supply them. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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- Supported
In the paper
“(iii) as a soil conditioner, thereby altering soil properties that influence the reactions and cycling of nutrients in the soil (Lusiba et al. 2017).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lusiba et al. 2017 source
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In the paper
“(ii) as a nutrient sink, thereby impacting the mobility and bioavailability of nutrients (Gul and Whalen 2016);”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gul and Whalen 2016 source
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In the paper
“While the N content decreases with increasing pyrolytic temperature through gaseous emission (Leng et al. 2020)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leng et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“While some nitrogen and sulfur in the feedstock materials are lost through gaseous emission during pyrolysis (Al-Wabel et al. 2013;Leng et al. 2020)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“The nutrient content of biochar depends on the nature of the feedstock materials and the pyrolytic conditions.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These changes in soil properties are likely to impact nutrient reactions on soil particles and microbial transformation of nutrients (Mandal et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mandal et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“most nutrients are released during the weathering of biochar in soil, and they become available for plant uptake (Zhao et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhao et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“The nutrient retention capacity of biochar depends on its porosity and surface charge (cation and anion exchange capacity) (Yu et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al. 2018
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, biochar is known to increase the organic carbon content in soil (Table 2) and stimulate C sequestration by suppressing the long-term turnover of soil organic matter (Schofield et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Schofield et al. 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 (page unavailable) reports greater organic-carbon retention in biochar-amended soil and says reduced carbon mineralisation is possible, but its mechanism could not be determined. Section 3.4 (page unavailable) explicitly says the study offers limited evidence about how long the effect lasts. The claim overstates the evidence by presenting suppression of long-term soil-organic-matter turnover as an established mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Nair et al. (2017) observed that biochar improved soil water retention, reduced bulk density, and stabilized soil organic matter.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nair et al. 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Soil physical properties section reports that biochar can decrease bulk density and increase water-holding capacity. The Soil aggregate formation and stabilization of soil organic matter section reports improved physical protection of soil organic matter in one soil, but no significant effect in another; it says the effect varies by soil type. Nair et al. review these findings rather than report their own observations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a nutrient sink, biochar can retain nutrients, thereby reducing their losses through leaching and gaseous emission.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Biochar application reduces the loss of N, P, and K through leaching, and N through nitrous oxide emission (Beusch et al. 2019;Yao et al. 2012;Yuan et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the loss of N through ammonia emission depends mainly on the pH of the biochar; biochar with a slightly acidic or near-neutral pH reduce ammonia volatilization from soil (Mandal et al. 2019;Mandal et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Biochar application influences various soil properties including pH, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, water retention, and biological activity.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upon application to the soil, biochar improves soil fertility and crop productivity by increasing the soil nutrient contents and the mobility of nutrients.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, the application of rice husk biochar (10 t ha -1 ) increased soil porosity by decreasing bulk density and increased available water in a sandy clay loam soil (Laghari et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Laghari et al. 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Based on the ash composition and its properties, biochar can be divided into the following three main groups (Joseph and Taylor 2014).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 2. Production and characteristics of biochar
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joseph and Taylor 2014 source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Li et al. (2018) said that maize straw biochar reduced soil bulk density and improved soil porosity in a semi-arid region.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2018
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In the paper
“Biochar can change the soil microbial community composition (Ducey et al. 2013), and thus it impacts nutrient cycling and uptake by plants (Lehmann et al. 2011).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“improves aeration, and water retention (Kambo and Dutta 2015;Razzaghi et al. 2020)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Biochar produced from biomass with minimum ash content (<3-5%), such as wood, nut shells, bamboo, and some seeds (e.g., apricots).These hard biochars have large porosity, surface area (SA), and hold more water than biochars in other groups.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > i)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joseph and Taylor 2014 source
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In the paper
“For example, under high-temperature pyrolytic conditions (>550° C), biochar is characterised by having a large surface area and a high aromaticity (Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > i)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016
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In the paper
“Generally, biochar is produced from a range of biomasses (e.g., manure, wood, crop, and industrial residues) at temperatures less than 900 °C and under oxygen-limited pyrolytic conditions (Zhang et al. 2019e).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 2. Production and characteristics of biochar
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al. 2019e
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In the paper
“However, at pyrolysis under low temperatures (200-400°C), biochar is characterised by having more oxygen-containing functional groups, such as -COOH, -OH, C=O, phenolic -OH and -CHO groups, which stimulate nutrient exchange and, thus, improve soil fertility (Mandal et al. 2020;Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > i)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mandal et al. 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016
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In the paper
“Biochar decreases nitrification in soil resulting in reduced nitrate leaching (Igalavithana et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Igalavithana et al. 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, recent studies have shown that biochar can also be produced by other thermochemical processes, e.g., hydrothermal carbonization, gasification, torrefaction, and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (Kambo and Dutta 2015;Vithanage et al. 2017;Yuan et al. 2017).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 2. Production and characteristics of biochar
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Soil pH can be altered by incorporation of biochar into soil, thereby contributing to alterations in nutrient availability.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Biochars generally have a pH range of 6.52-12.64(Table 4), and the pH values positively correlate with the pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Du et al. (2018) found that peanut-shell biochar (1%) increased microbial populations, microbial biomass, and actinomycetes.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Du et al. 2018
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In the paper
“Therefore, various types of biochars produced from various feedstocks change the CEC of soils to a different extent (Table 2), and the CEC affects nutrient availability and water retention of soil (Yadav et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yadav et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“and suppressed soil shrinkage by increasing the ability of the soil to hold water; thus, soil structure was improved (Fu et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fu et al. 2019
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In the paper
“Zheng et al. (2018) also found a shift of the bacterial community towards low C turnover bacterial taxa (e.g., Actinobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria), which stabilised soil aggregates.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zheng et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Most biochars contain high amounts of soluble salts, and, hence, the EC of biochar is generally higher than most agricultural soils (Igalavithana et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Igalavithana et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biochar also showed a positive impact on surface area of soil (Anawar et al. 2015), which varied with biochar types (Tomczyk et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These soil chemical properties influence nutrient interactions in soil.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The authors suggested that such variation of biochar's effects was due to the toxic effect (chemical stress) of biochar on soil microorganisms when applied at a high rate.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“For example, in a coastal wetland soil, biochar application boosted the soil microbial biomass C and resulted in a low metabolic quotient (Zheng et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zheng et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The effects of pyrolytic temperature on the S content of biochars are inconsistent (Table 4), because high temperatures can either increase S content by the incorporation of S into complex structures or decrease S content due to volatilization loss (Al-Wabel et al. 2013).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Al-Wabel et al. 2013 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although, most biochars have low N content (below 1.5 %) (Table 4), the N content is high in a few biochars such as those derived from sewage sludge (6.8%), poultry litter (5.85%), grass waste (4.9%), and microalgae (14.12%) (Chang et al. 2015).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chang et al. 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in the case of P, K content of biochar also increases with increasing pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 5), which can be attributed to the 'concentration effect'.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.3 Potassium
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A continuous application of N in available forms is essential for many agricultural soils to maintain production in cropping seasons (Fageria and Baligar 2005).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fageria and Baligar 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the effect of these factors is not consistent for micronutrient contents of biochar products, which can be attributed mainly to the low micronutrient contents in feedstock materials.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.3 Trace elements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, Weyers and Spokas (2011) observed a negative effect (short-term) or no effect (long-term) of poultry litter biochar on earthworm activity in soil, which was attributed to a rapid pH change or high ammonia concentration in the soil due to the addition of the biochar (Liesch 2010).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weyers and Spokas 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Liesch 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the N content decreases with pyrolytic temperature, the P content is positively correlated with the pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 5).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.2 Phosphorus
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Biochar also increased P-solubilizing bacterial populations such as Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia, Planctomyces, Sphingomonas, and Singulisphaera, which contributed to improving P availability in a forest soil (mountain acidic red loam soil) (Zhou et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhou et al. 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Ca contents of animal-manure biochar ranged from 0.40 to 6.15% and that of industrial and municipal waste-derived biochar ranged from 0.37-6.57%(Table 4).Biochar derived from crop residues had concentrations of Ca ranging from 0.20-1.57%and that of woody biochar was in the range of 0.05-2.42%(Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“So, biochar can reduce ortho-P leaching from nutrient-rich soil and influences P availability (Gul and Whalen 2016;Hussain et al. 2017).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.2.2 Phosphorus
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The availability of micronutrients is influenced by the application of biochar to soil (Table 5), and feedstock and type of soil are important in determining micronutrient availability.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, Gao et al. (2016) reported that addition of biochar increased NO3 --N and NH4 + -N retention in soil by 33 and 53%, respectively.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gao et al. 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Availability of most nutrients are positively correlated with the pyrolytic temperature, except N and S, and that is because of volatilization loss.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 6. Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impact of biochar on P uptake is mostly positive and few studies show a negative impact (Table 6).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.6 Phosphorus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochar can be an important source of plant nutrients and can supply macro-nutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients to plants.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 6. Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the effects of biochar application on N availability in soil are not consistent as the N availability is governed by rate and type of biochar as well as the soil type (Table 5).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Usually the availability of K in soil is increased with the addition of biochar irrespective of the study, although some negative impacts of biochar on the availability of K in soil have been reported (Table 5).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Animal manures and waste-derived biochars have higher N, P, and K contents than crop residues and woody biochars.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 6. Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Application of biochar also enhances nutrient retention by increasing the soil pH and soil organic matter (Mendez et al. 2012).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mendez et al. 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sorrenti et al. (2016) and anion exchange capacities of biochar and its ability to retain ions and molecules within the pores further contribute to biochar's enhanced nutrient retention capacity.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sorrenti et al. 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochar can contribute to nutrient use efficiency in plants, both directly through increased nutrient uptake and indirectly by decreasing the loss of nutrients through leaching and gaseous emissions.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.8 Nutrient use efficiency
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no review concerning the ability of biochar to retain multiple nutrients in soil through reducing gaseous and leaching losses and thus enhance plant growth.
“However, there is no review concerning the ability of biochar to retain multiple nutrients in soil through reducing gaseous and leaching losses and, thus, enhance plant growth.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, high ash and low temperature biochars are suitable for soil fertility improvement due to nutrient delivery and high labile carbon content (Hossain et al. 2020).”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Hossain et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Biochar addition to agricultural soils has improved soil water availability, water holding capacity, and nutrient availability,235, 236, 237 increased soil microbial biomass and activity,238 reduced risk of crust formation and soil erosion,239 enhanced antibacterial activity,240 and reduced mobility and toxicity of environmental pollutants in the soil.241,242”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [236]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this case, ash-rich and animal waste-derived biochars, such as manure biochar may be the best candidate for inorganic nutrient delivery (Binh Thanh et al. 2022; Hossain et al. 2020; Subedi et al. 2016).”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Hossain et al. 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
“the pH values positively correlate with the pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > List of Figures
“Figure 4: Nitrogen conversion pathways from feedstock-N to biochar-N through the pyrolytic process (Leng et al. 2020)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
“Biochars generally have a pH range of 6.52-12.64(Table 4)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > List of Figures
“| Chicken | 350 | 5.72 | 26.44 | 2.45 | 0.02 | - | 11 | 2.44 | 1.24 | 1.23 | 5.06 | 2.53 | 2.88 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Xiao et al. (2018) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
“Table 4 shows that the N content of biochar can be of a wide range (0.24 to 6.8 %).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
“the N content is high in a few biochars such as those derived from sewage sludge (6.8%), poultry litter (5.85%), grass waste (4.9%), and microalgae (14.12%)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.3 Trace elements
“Table 4 shows that Fe content in biochar of animal manure was higher (311-7480 mg kg -1 ) than biochar from crop residues and woody materials.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > Additional information
“| Swine solids | 700 | 9.50 | 44.1 | 2.61 | 17 | 5.9 | 2.57 | 6.15 | 3.69 | 0.85 | 4981 | 2446 | 74800 | 2240 | 27.4 | | Cantrell et al. |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
“The application of biochar reduces bulk density of soil regardless of soil types, study environments, biochar application rate, or production conditions (Table 1).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > List of Figures
“| Green | 650 | 3 | Sandy | | | | | | | | 1.30 | 1.30 | Greenberg et |”
Citations
Cites
Biochar effects on soil biota – A review
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W. C., & Crowley, D. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022 · Cited by 5,074
Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review
Ahmad, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Lim, J. E., Zhang, M., Bolan, N., Mohan, D., Vithanage, M., Lee, S. S., & Ok, Y. S. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071 · Cited by 4,662
Self-citationBio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., & Rondon, M. (2006) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5 · Cited by 3,053
Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects
Tomczyk, A., Sokołowska, Z., & Boguta, P. (2020) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3 · Cited by 2,948
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J., & Zech, W. (2002) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4 · Cited by 2,890
Compant, S., Clément, C., & Sessitsch, A. (2010) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024 · Cited by 2,318
A review of biochar and its use and function in soil
Sohi, S. P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., & Bol, R. (2010) · Advances in Agronomy · doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(10)05002-9 · Cited by 2,240
Atkinson, C. J., Fitzgerald, J. D., & Hipps, N. A. (2010) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0464-5 · Cited by 2,154
Mechanisms of metal sorption by biochars: Biochar characteristics and modifications
Li, H., Dong, X., da Silva, E. B., de Oliveira, L. M., Chen, Y., & Ma, L. Q. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.072 · Cited by 1,888
Lehmann, J., Pereira da Silva, J., Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W., & Glaser, B. (2003) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1023/a:1022833116184 · Cited by 1,878
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Lopez-Capel E et al (2016) Biochar properties, 1st edn. Tailor and Francis, Routledge
- Sohi S, Lopez-Capel E, Krull E, Bol R (2009) Biochar, climate change and soil: a review to guide future research vol 05. CSIRO
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 942
Impact of Biochar Application on Soil Health and Crop Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Mesfin, S., Eik, L. O., Evjen, O., Sægrov, S., Awet, E., & SINGH, B. R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11288-0_7 · Cited by 1
Mesfin, S., Eik, L. O., Sægrov, S., Evjen, O., Tindwa, H. J., Amuri, N. A., Chimungu, J. G., & SINGH, B. R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11288-0_8 · Cited by 1
Porato, E., & Yousefpour, R. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18052662 · Cited by 1
Biochar effects on potassium availability and dynamics in Egyptian soils
Ayman, M. (2026) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-026-04264-2 · Cited by 1
Cocoa pod husk biochar amendment on potassium dynamics in a tropical acidic soil
Neenu, S., Gopal, M., Gupta, A., & Apshara, S. E. (2025) · Journal of Plantation Crops · doi:10.25081/jpc.2024.v52.i3.9734 · Cited by 1
Yerli, C. (2026) · Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1767684 · Cited by 1
Zhang, X., Cui, N., Liu, F., Xue, Y., Chu, H., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., Abbas, M. H. H., Younis, M. E., & Abdelhafez, A. A. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18073499 · Cited by 1
Hussain, S., Gajbhiye, P., Sonawane, C. R., Vedpathak, A. S., chan, C. K., Dixit, S., & Siddiqui, M. I. H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46973-1 · Cited by 1
Zhang, X., Xue, C., Liu, X. W., Xue, L., & Xiong, Z. (2026) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy16080825 · Cited by 1
Zahedifar, M., Moosavi, A. A., & Gavili, E. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-49328-y · Cited by 1
Lv, Y., Bao, L., Ji, M., Jiao, Y., Wang, X., Wang, X., Zhang, G., & Liao, Y. (2026) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110386 · Cited by 1
Crop Defence Mechanisms to Minimize Heavy Metal-Induced Toxicity and Accumulation
Sharma, A., Sharma, S., Daniel, G. A., & Pandey, R. (2026) · Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7746-0_16 · Cited by 1
Biochar-microbe synergy: boosting soil health and fertility
Kesavardhini, K., Nayak, A. K., Tharani, E., Banu, A. S., Vijayalakshmi, R., Gayathri, K., Lokeshwari, B., & Saranraj, P. (2026) · Discover Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-026-08957-8 · Cited by 1
Ma, R., Lei, D., Yi, Q., Suping, J. I., Cai, Y., Xia, S., Bian, R., ZHANG, X., Kuzyakov, Y. V., & ZHENG, J. (2026) · Pedosphere · doi:10.1016/j.pedsph.2026.06.002 · Cited by 1
MOHAMED, H. A., Rengel, Z., Siddique, K. H. M., El‐Keblawy, A. A., Alharbi, S., Abo-Ogiala, A. M., & Solaiman, Z. M. (2026) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2026.103027 · Cited by 1
Lin, Z., Huang, R., Zhang, S., Fang, X., Sun, W., Wang, L., Du, R., Xiao, S., Zhang, Y., & Xu, Z. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142859 · Cited by 1
Fields, J. S., & Criscione, K. S. (2026) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci19343-26 · Cited by 1
Haider, W., Ullah, Q., Qasim, M., Mahmud, M. N., Haidri, I., Amir, M. A., Khan, R. M., Qadri, T. A., & Khan, A. (2026) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.1002/saj2.70339 · Cited by 1
Lei, K., Creber, H., Bol, R. A., Tietema, A., & Sohi, S. (2022) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-022-05682-0 · Cited by 1
Yan, Z., Hussain, S., Yang, S., Farooq, M., Chen, X., & Ren, X. (2023) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06652-7 · Cited by 1
Molnár, S., Szombathy, D., Vaszita, E., & Molnár, M. (2023) · Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering · doi:10.3311/ppch.22844 · Cited by 1
Putra, M. I. A., Syahrinudin, Hartati, W., Kiswanto, Sudarmadji, T., Sofyan, F., & Hapsari, M. (2023) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1282/1/012053 · Cited by 1
Prasetya, A., Utami, S. N. H., Rizqi, F. A., Nuraini, Y. W., & Pradani, M. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia · doi:10.18343/jipi.29.1.99 · Cited by 1
Perspective Chapter: The Role of Biochar in Soil Amelioration
Okoro, I. G., Onwuka, M. I., & Nwogu-Chigozie, L. N. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002906 · Cited by 1
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Self-citationBiogeochemistry of arsenic and lead in sediment and water amended with biochar
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hossain, M. Z., Bahar, M. M., Sarkar, B., Donne, S. W., Ok, Y. S., Palansooriya, K. N., Kirkham, M. B., Chowdhury, S., & Bolan, N.
- Affiliations
- Khulna University (BD)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Korea University (KR)
- Kansas State University (US)
- Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (BD)
- Corresponding author
- Bolan, Nanthi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biochar
- Published
- 2020-09-28
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 379-420
- ISSN
- 2524-7867 (ISSN-L)
- 2524-7972
- OpenAlex
- W3091038929
- Cited by
- 904
- References
- 285
- Citations by year
- 2026: 182 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 28
- FWCI
- 43.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.lancs.ac.uk
- Locations
- Biochar (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- nutrient dynamics, soil amendment, nutrient use efficiency, nitrogen retention, phosphorus availability, potassium, pyrolysis temperature, soil porosity, surface charge, soil pH, nutrient leaching, soil microbial activity, nutrient uptake, soil aggregate stability
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