The DOI matches its Crossref record; 285 of the 285 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 130 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes how biochar affects nutrient dynamics in soil and plants, acting as a nutrient source, nutrient sink, and soil conditioner. It reports that outcomes depend strongly on feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, application rate, and soil type, with generally positive but variable effects on nutrient retention, leaching, gaseous losses, and crop nutrient uptake.
Key findings
- Biochar nutrient contents vary widely: N ranges from 0.24 to 6.8%, and P from 0.005 to 5.9%; manure- and biosolid-based biochars generally contain more N and P than wood- and straw-based biochars. N content decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature, while P and K contents increase due to ash concentration effects.
- Biochar can reduce nutrient losses: NO₃⁻ leaching was reduced by 26% (Fig. 7), and a meta-analysis cited in the review showed about a 54% reduction in N₂O emissions with biochar application. N₂O-N emission factor and yield-scaled N₂O emissions were reduced by 16–67% and 14–53%, respectively (Li et al. 2017a). However, biochar could temporarily increase NH₃ volatilization by 19%.
- Biochar alters soil properties relevant to nutrients: biochar pH ranges from 6.52 to 12.64 and correlates positively with pyrolysis temperature. Rice husk biochar at 3, 6, and 12 t ha⁻¹ increased water-stable aggregates by 10, 18, and 23%, respectively, at 0–10 cm in the first year; maize straw biochar at 10–60 t ha⁻¹ increased soil porosity from 42.5% to 48–56%.
- Nutrient uptake and use efficiency responses are mostly positive but inconsistent: biochar increased N uptake by 11% (Fig. 7); P uptake increased by 23–2096% in some studies; NUE and PUE increased by 90 and 191%, respectively, with biochar up to 20 t ha⁻¹. Negative or neutral effects on N, Ca, Mg, and micronutrient uptake are also reported.
Methods
- Narrative review synthesizing published literature on biochar production and characteristics, effects on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, biochar as a nutrient source, and impacts on nutrient reactions, leaching, gaseous emission, uptake, and nutrient use efficiency.
- The paper organizes evidence in Tables 1–6 and conceptual figures, drawing on cited studies across feedstocks, pyrolysis temperatures, soils, and crops.
- No new primary experiment or formal meta-analysis is described; the review does not state a systematic literature search or selection protocol.
Limitations
- The paper states future research recommendations rather than a formal limitations section: long-term field studies are needed instead of pot or column studies; feedstock selection and application rate should be studied in relation to nutrient availability; methods to increase biochar N content should be considered; P availability across pyrolysis temperatures needs study; and biochar–microbe interactions affecting nutrient transformation require further work.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not describe systematic search or quantitative synthesis methods, and it repeatedly notes inconsistent effects of biochar on N availability, Ca, Mg, and micronutrient uptake depending on biochar type, rate, soil, and crop.
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Claims the paper makes
104 Not checked yet · 26 No basis given · 22 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 2 Own result · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“the P and K contents increase due to an increase in ash content (Christel et al. 2016;Tomczyk et al. 2020;Wang et al. 2013).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Christel et al. 2016 source
- Supportedcites Tomczyk et al. 2020 source
Section 2.4 (page not provided) states that ash content increases with pyrolysis temperature and explains increases in potassium and phosphorus in high-temperature biochars as due to increased ash content. This supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. 2013 source
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In the paper
“As a source, biochar can supply nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and other trace elements inherently present in the original feedstock used for biochar production (Purakayastha et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Purakayastha et al. 2019 source
The Introduction (p. 7) says biochar can supply nutrients directly to plants. Section 4 (p. 13) says it contains macro- and micronutrients and that its composition depends on the feedstock. The discussion on p. 21 cautions that not all nutrients in biochar are readily available, but that does not conflict with the claim that it can supply them. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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In the paper
“(iii) as a soil conditioner, thereby altering soil properties that influence the reactions and cycling of nutrients in the soil (Lusiba et al. 2017).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lusiba et al. 2017 source
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In the paper
“(ii) as a nutrient sink, thereby impacting the mobility and bioavailability of nutrients (Gul and Whalen 2016);”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gul and Whalen 2016 source
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In the paper
“While the N content decreases with increasing pyrolytic temperature through gaseous emission (Leng et al. 2020)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leng et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“While some nitrogen and sulfur in the feedstock materials are lost through gaseous emission during pyrolysis (Al-Wabel et al. 2013;Leng et al. 2020)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“The nutrient content of biochar depends on the nature of the feedstock materials and the pyrolytic conditions.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
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In the paper
“These changes in soil properties are likely to impact nutrient reactions on soil particles and microbial transformation of nutrients (Mandal et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mandal et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“most nutrients are released during the weathering of biochar in soil, and they become available for plant uptake (Zhao et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhao et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“The nutrient retention capacity of biochar depends on its porosity and surface charge (cation and anion exchange capacity) (Yu et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al. 2018
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In the paper
“Biochar can influence nutrients in soil in several ways: (i) as a source of nutrients for plants and soil microorganisms (Li et al. 2017b);”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2017b
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In the paper
“In addition, biochar rate is positively correlated with WSA.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oladele 2019 source
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In the paper
“For example, biochar with a low surface area is less suitable for soil health improvement than that with a high surface area.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > i)
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In the paper
“Moreover, biochar reduces nutrient leaching and loss of nutrients by volatilization through altering the soil pH and by enhancing the ion exchange capacity (DeLuca et al. 2015).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeLuca et al. 2015
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In the paper
“which was in line with Fu et al. (2019) who found in a field trial that biochar dose was positively correlated with soil porosity.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fu et al. 2019
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In the paper
“buffers soil reactions (Laghari et al. 2016)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Laghari et al. 2016 source
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In the paper
“and rice straw biochar increased aggregate stability from 1 to 17% (Peng et al. 2011).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peng et al. 2011 source
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In the paper
“Owing to special characters (such as high surface area and porosity), biochar application influences soil physical properties (Fu et al. 2019;Greenberg et al. 2019;Horák et al. 2019;Oladele 2019;Zhang et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
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In the paper
“For instance, Oladele (2019) reported that addition of rice husk biochar increased WSA at various soil depths over three years.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oladele 2019 source
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In the paper
“Peake et al. (2014) reported that biochar had a positive impact on the ability of loamy sand and sandy loam soils to hold water.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peake et al. 2014 source
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In the paper
“The physical characteristics of biochar, especially the surface area and pore size/volume/distribution, are controlled by the pyrolytic conditions and the nature of feedstock.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > i)
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In the paper
“In a pot study, Prapagdee and Tawinteung (2017) concluded that cassava stem biochar increased soil porosity”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Prapagdee and Tawinteung 2017 source
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In the paper
“Razzaghi et al. (2020) did a meta-analysis on the effect of biochar on soil water retention and found that the ability of soil to hold water increased, especially in coarse-textured soils”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Razzaghi et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“reduces bulk density (Yan et al. 2019a)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yan et al. 2019a
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In the paper
“The physical and chemical properties also depend on other factors such as heating rate, kiln pressure, the composition of the atmosphere (N or CO2 atmosphere in the kiln), and the type of pre-or post-treatment of biochar (Joseph and Taylor 2014).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 2. Production and characteristics of biochar
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joseph and Taylor 2014 source
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In the paper
“It enhances microbial activity (Meier et al. 2019)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meier et al. 2019 source
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In the paper
“For example, in a 4-year field study, peanut-shell biochar altered soil properties by increasing waterstable aggregates (WSA) (Du et al. 2018)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Du et al. 2018
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In the paper
“The application of biochar reduces bulk density of soil regardless of soil types, study environments, biochar application rate, or production conditions (Table 1).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
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In the paper
“The characteristics of biochar are influenced by the feedstock and heating conditions (Joseph and Taylor 2014;Laghari et al. 2016;Li et al. 2017b;Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016;Yuan et al. 2017).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 2. Production and characteristics of biochar
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Addition of biochar has been shown to increase the ability of soil to hold water (Yadav et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yadav et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“maintains soil aggregate structure (Zhang et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“Owing to its porous system, biochar can be a favourable habitat for soil microorganisms including bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and actinomycetes (Compant et al. 2010;Prapagdee and Tawinteung 2017).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, the EC of soil was reported to increase with increasing application rates of biochar (Li et al. (2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2018
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In the paper
“Biochar also generates organic acids during pyrolysis of biomasses that influence the pH of the final product (Cheng et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cheng et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“Biochar pH is dependent on the rate of the carbonization process, pyrolytic temperature, and feedstock type (Weber and Quicker 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weber and Quicker 2018 source
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In the paper
“The ability of soil to hold water has increased with increasing biochar application rates (Greenberg et al. 2019;Oladele 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
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In the paper
“The alkalinity of biochar depends on three important factors: a) organic functional groups; b) carbonate content, and c) inorganic alkali content (Lee et al. 2013).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee et al. 2013 source
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In the paper
“Biochar reduced the tensile strength and cracks of a surface soil (Mandal et al. 2020)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mandal et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“However, in numerous studies biochar application exhibited positive effects on soil microbial activities.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
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In the paper
“However, rice husk biochar (EC = 2.56 dS m -1 ) had no impact on increasing the EC in the soil (Jatav et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jatav et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“Biochar application has been shown to impact soil chemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
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In the paper
“Moreover, biochar was reported to increase microbial biomass N by 12% (Liu et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“Prapagdee and Tawinteung (2017) found that the EC of soil increased when cassava stem-derived biochar was applied at a rate of 10% (w/w).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Prapagdee and Tawinteung 2017 source
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In the paper
“biochar application was shown to increase soil water retention more in a sandy soil than a loamy soil or a clay soil (Mandal et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mandal et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“For example, biochar (10%) amended soil had 3 times higher surface area than untreated soil (Tomczyk et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tomczyk et al. 2019 source
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In the paper
“Moreover, the above discussion shows that the soil physical properties are interlinked and influence each other.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
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In the paper
“Availability of soluble nutrient ions such as NO 3-, K + , and Ca 2+ could be directly related to the soluble salt content and, hence, the EC of biochar when applied to soil.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
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In the paper
“Application of alkaline biochar tends to increase the pH of acidic and neutral soils (Buss et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buss et al. 2016 source
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In the paper
“Like pH, CEC of soil can also be altered by biochar application.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
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In the paper
“The CEC of most biochars is higher than that of typical agricultural soils (Sohi et al. 2009;Sohi et al. 2010).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sohi et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Sohi et al. 2010 source
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In the paper
“Therefore, irrespective of soil types, experimental conditions, biochar types, pyrolytic temperatures, and application rates, biochar has positive impacts on soil physical properties.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
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In the paper
“The effects of biochar on soil microbial community structure and N-cycling bacteria depends on several factors, such as soil type, C/N ratio, nutrients, pH, and biochar addition rates (Abujabhah et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abujabhah et al. 2018 source
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In the paper
“Alkaline biochar can be used as a liming material for neutralizing acid soils (Taskin et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taskin et al. 2019 source
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In the paper
“The CEC of biochar is attributed to the generation of various functional groups, such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, during the pyrolysis of biomass (Tomczyk et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tomczyk et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“However, the soil liming potential of biochar is not consistent across soil and biochar types.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
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In the paper
“Biochar has an alkaline nature due to the presence of alkali and alkaline metals in feedstocks that are not volatilized during pyrolysis (Yang et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yang et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The increased organic carbon content, together with improved chemical properties due to biochar application, positively affect the nutrient status in soil.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
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In the paper
“For example, some amino acids, such as arginine containing amide groups, are mostly converted to ammonia or other gaseous forms of N during biomass pyrolysis, and, consequently, they are lost (Leng et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leng et al. 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Mg contents of biochar produced at 250-750 C from various types of biomasses (e.g., animal manure, woody biomass, crop residue) ranged from 0.001-3.78%(Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
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In the paper
“The K content in biochar also varies both with the feedstock type and temperature of pyrolysis (Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.3 Potassium
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In the paper
“Generally, the S content was lowest (0.001-0.32%) in biochar produced from woody biomass followed by waste-derived biochar (0.005-0.63%) and crop residue-derived biochar (0.07-0.32%) (Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, N content of biochar decreases with an increase in the pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 5), due to conversion of parts of amino acids into pyridine-N and pyrrolic-N (Leng et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leng et al. 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a review on the mineral contents of biochar, Xu et al. (2017) stated that biochar from sewage sludge and poultry litter had higher P contents than biochar from crop residues, animal manures, and woody biochar.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.2 Phosphorus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xu et al. 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The existence of metal elements in feedstock can influence the conversion of N-containing compounds and, thus, the amount and forms of N species in final biochar products (Xiao et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xiao et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Biochar showed positive impacts on soil enzymatic activities (Mierzwa-Hersztek et al. 2016;Ouyang et al. 2014).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, Haefele et al. (2011) found a negative effect on earthworm populations with the addition of rice residue biochar (41.3 Mg ha -1 ).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haefele et al. 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Like the N content in different biochars, the P content varies over a wide range (0.005-5.9 %) (Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.2 Phosphorus
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although N content is low in most biomasses, the N content is mostly increased after pyrolysis due to reducing the mass (mainly the moisture) of the biomass.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochar also contains a significant amount of trace element nutrients (micronutrients) such as Fe, Cu, B, Zn, Mn, and Mo.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.3 Trace elements
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In the paper
“Ultimately, the loss of NH4 + -N as NH3 occurs through volatilization during pyrolysis (El-Naggar et al. 2019a).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites El-Naggar et al. 2019a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For instance, addition of biochar (5 and 10 t ha -1 ) in an Inceptisol increased the dehydrogenase and urease activity by 19 and 44%, respectively (Ameloot et al. 2013;Mierzwa-Hersztek et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Like Fe, animal manure biochar contained more Zn (131-4981 mg kg -1 ) and Cu (99-2446 mg kg -1 ) than waste-and crop-residue derived biochars (Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.3 Trace elements
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Feedstock materials containing high nutrient contents result in nutrient-enriched biochars.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4. Biochar as a source of nutrients
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, manure and sewage sludge produce nutrient-rich biochars (Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4. Biochar as a source of nutrients
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition to organic forms of N (e.g., hydrolyzable-N, water-soluble-N, and nonhydrolyzable-N), biochar also contains inorganic N forms such as NH4 + -N, NO3 --N, and N2O-N (Liu et al. (2019a).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al. 2019a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochar can be a nutrient source for crop plants.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4. Biochar as a source of nutrients
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Most of the animal-manure derived biochars and grass waste biochar contained higher Mg contents than crop-residue biochar and woody biochar (Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nitrogen is one of the most limiting nutrients in soils for plant growth and productivity due to high crop demand for it and to chances of losses by leaching, runoff, and volatilization (Nguyen et al. 2017b).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nguyen et al. 2017b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The nutrient content of biochar depends mainly on the nature of the feedstock materials and the pyrolytic conditions (pyrolytic temperature, residence time, gaseous environment) (El-Naggar et al. 2019a).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4. Biochar as a source of nutrients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites El-Naggar et al. 2019a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contents of the micronutrient elements depend on the feedstock type and biochar production temperature.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.3 Trace elements
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Animal manure biochar contained more S (0.02-1.36%) than orchard-pruning-biomass-derived biochar (0.005%) (Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochar can be a potential source of N for plants.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 4 shows that Fe content in biochar of animal manure was higher (311-7480 mg kg -1 ) than biochar from crop residues and woody materials.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.3 Trace elements
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They also found that available P (i.e., Olsen-P) in biochar increased from 280 to 676 mg kg -1 when the pyrolytic temperature increased from 300 to 600 C.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.2 Phosphorus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xu et al. 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Biochar application increased biological N fixation by 63% (Lu et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lu et al. 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Earthworms are highly sensitive to soil pH and ammonia concentration (Saleh et al. 1970).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Saleh et al. 1970 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 4 shows that the N content of biochar can be of a wide range (0.24 to 6.8 %).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the P content also depends on the type of biomass.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.2 Phosphorus
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Biochar with a high ash content contained a high P content (Laghari et al. (2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.2 Phosphorus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Laghari et al. 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As shown in Table 4, contents of secondary nutrients including S, Ca, and Mg are high in animal manure biochar, as reported by Xiao et al. (2018) and Brantley et al. (2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increased P content in biochar with increasing pyrolytic temperature can be attributed to the 'concentration effect' resulting from decreased biochar yield with increasing temperature.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.2 Phosphorus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, leaching of nutrients in biochar amended soil depends of several factors, including biochar type and rate of application, soil type, and depth of soil.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.2.3 Other nutrients
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies report that the uptake of K is stimulated due to the addition of biochar (Table 6).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.7 Potassium
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biochar addition has often been shown to decrease total N2O emission from soils treated with N sources such as manure, urea, and compost (Bruun et al. 2011;Singh et al. 2010;Spokas et al. 2009).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.3 Gaseous emission
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Owing to porous structure and NH4 + -N adsorption ability, biochar can play a vital role in slowing down N release from the soil.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al. (2017) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Biochar has the capacity to retain inorganic N ions and, therefore, it reduces N leaching and runoff in soils (Steiner et al. 2008).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.2.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steiner et al. 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impacts of biochar on nutrient retention in soil are mostly positive.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nutrient retention and release depend on soil pH (Fig. 6).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The availability of nutrients in soil with biochar mainly depends on the feedstock type of the biochar, pyrolytic conditions, rate of biochar addition to soil, and the type of soil.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 6. Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biochar can be a reserve stock for P in soils (Dai et al. 2016;Zhang et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochar application to soil influences N uptake in plants.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.4 Uptake and assimilation of nutrients 5.5 Nitrogen
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, biochar produced at high temperature might have a high ability to retain NO3 --N without its leaching to ground water.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the studies report that the availability of P is increased with the application of biochar.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biochar can contribute in improving nutrient retention capacity of soil due to its large surface area, porosity, and presence of both nonpolar and polar surface sites (Ahmad et al. 2014;Hussain et al. 2017;Mukherjee et al. 2011;Yu et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In recent years, several studies reported that biochar can be used as a slow-release fertilizer.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sometimes biochar has reduced nutrient retention due to quick decomposition of biochar C (e.g., by 51% within 16 months of application) (Beusch et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beusch et al. 2019 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“For example, biochar with a high CEC retains more nutrients in soil by reducing nutrient loss through leaching (Tomczyk et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tomczyk et al. 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The polar sites are likely to increase the soil CEC (Mukherjee et al. 2011).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mukherjee et al. 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, biochar is known to increase the organic carbon content in soil (Table 2) and stimulate C sequestration by suppressing the long-term turnover of soil organic matter (Schofield et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Schofield et al. 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 (page unavailable) reports greater organic-carbon retention in biochar-amended soil and says reduced carbon mineralisation is possible, but its mechanism could not be determined. Section 3.4 (page unavailable) explicitly says the study offers limited evidence about how long the effect lasts. The claim overstates the evidence by presenting suppression of long-term soil-organic-matter turnover as an established mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Nair et al. (2017) observed that biochar improved soil water retention, reduced bulk density, and stabilized soil organic matter.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nair et al. 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Soil physical properties section reports that biochar can decrease bulk density and increase water-holding capacity. The Soil aggregate formation and stabilization of soil organic matter section reports improved physical protection of soil organic matter in one soil, but no significant effect in another; it says the effect varies by soil type. Nair et al. review these findings rather than report their own observations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a nutrient sink, biochar can retain nutrients, thereby reducing their losses through leaching and gaseous emission.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biochar application reduces the loss of N, P, and K through leaching, and N through nitrous oxide emission (Beusch et al. 2019;Yao et al. 2012;Yuan et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the loss of N through ammonia emission depends mainly on the pH of the biochar; biochar with a slightly acidic or near-neutral pH reduce ammonia volatilization from soil (Mandal et al. 2019;Mandal et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biochar application influences various soil properties including pH, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, water retention, and biological activity.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upon application to the soil, biochar improves soil fertility and crop productivity by increasing the soil nutrient contents and the mobility of nutrients.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the application of rice husk biochar (10 t ha -1 ) increased soil porosity by decreasing bulk density and increased available water in a sandy clay loam soil (Laghari et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Laghari et al. 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Based on the ash composition and its properties, biochar can be divided into the following three main groups (Joseph and Taylor 2014).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 2. Production and characteristics of biochar
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joseph and Taylor 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Li et al. (2018) said that maize straw biochar reduced soil bulk density and improved soil porosity in a semi-arid region.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biochar can change the soil microbial community composition (Ducey et al. 2013), and thus it impacts nutrient cycling and uptake by plants (Lehmann et al. 2011).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“improves aeration, and water retention (Kambo and Dutta 2015;Razzaghi et al. 2020)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Biochar produced from biomass with minimum ash content (<3-5%), such as wood, nut shells, bamboo, and some seeds (e.g., apricots).These hard biochars have large porosity, surface area (SA), and hold more water than biochars in other groups.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > i)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joseph and Taylor 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, under high-temperature pyrolytic conditions (>550° C), biochar is characterised by having a large surface area and a high aromaticity (Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > i)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Generally, biochar is produced from a range of biomasses (e.g., manure, wood, crop, and industrial residues) at temperatures less than 900 °C and under oxygen-limited pyrolytic conditions (Zhang et al. 2019e).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 2. Production and characteristics of biochar
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al. 2019e
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, at pyrolysis under low temperatures (200-400°C), biochar is characterised by having more oxygen-containing functional groups, such as -COOH, -OH, C=O, phenolic -OH and -CHO groups, which stimulate nutrient exchange and, thus, improve soil fertility (Mandal et al. 2020;Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > i)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mandal et al. 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Ralebitso-Senior and Orr 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Biochar decreases nitrification in soil resulting in reduced nitrate leaching (Igalavithana et al. 2016).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Igalavithana et al. 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, recent studies have shown that biochar can also be produced by other thermochemical processes, e.g., hydrothermal carbonization, gasification, torrefaction, and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (Kambo and Dutta 2015;Vithanage et al. 2017;Yuan et al. 2017).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 2. Production and characteristics of biochar
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Soil pH can be altered by incorporation of biochar into soil, thereby contributing to alterations in nutrient availability.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochars generally have a pH range of 6.52-12.64(Table 4), and the pH values positively correlate with the pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Du et al. (2018) found that peanut-shell biochar (1%) increased microbial populations, microbial biomass, and actinomycetes.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Du et al. 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, various types of biochars produced from various feedstocks change the CEC of soils to a different extent (Table 2), and the CEC affects nutrient availability and water retention of soil (Yadav et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yadav et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and suppressed soil shrinkage by increasing the ability of the soil to hold water; thus, soil structure was improved (Fu et al. 2019).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fu et al. 2019
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Zheng et al. (2018) also found a shift of the bacterial community towards low C turnover bacterial taxa (e.g., Actinobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria), which stabilised soil aggregates.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zheng et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most biochars contain high amounts of soluble salts, and, hence, the EC of biochar is generally higher than most agricultural soils (Igalavithana et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Igalavithana et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Biochar also showed a positive impact on surface area of soil (Anawar et al. 2015), which varied with biochar types (Tomczyk et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These soil chemical properties influence nutrient interactions in soil.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The authors suggested that such variation of biochar's effects was due to the toxic effect (chemical stress) of biochar on soil microorganisms when applied at a high rate.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. 2020 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, in a coastal wetland soil, biochar application boosted the soil microbial biomass C and resulted in a low metabolic quotient (Zheng et al. 2018).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zheng et al. 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The effects of pyrolytic temperature on the S content of biochars are inconsistent (Table 4), because high temperatures can either increase S content by the incorporation of S into complex structures or decrease S content due to volatilization loss (Al-Wabel et al. 2013).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Al-Wabel et al. 2013 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although, most biochars have low N content (below 1.5 %) (Table 4), the N content is high in a few biochars such as those derived from sewage sludge (6.8%), poultry litter (5.85%), grass waste (4.9%), and microalgae (14.12%) (Chang et al. 2015).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chang et al. 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in the case of P, K content of biochar also increases with increasing pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 5), which can be attributed to the 'concentration effect'.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.3 Potassium
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A continuous application of N in available forms is essential for many agricultural soils to maintain production in cropping seasons (Fageria and Baligar 2005).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fageria and Baligar 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the effect of these factors is not consistent for micronutrient contents of biochar products, which can be attributed mainly to the low micronutrient contents in feedstock materials.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.3 Trace elements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, Weyers and Spokas (2011) observed a negative effect (short-term) or no effect (long-term) of poultry litter biochar on earthworm activity in soil, which was attributed to a rapid pH change or high ammonia concentration in the soil due to the addition of the biochar (Liesch 2010).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weyers and Spokas 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Liesch 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the N content decreases with pyrolytic temperature, the P content is positively correlated with the pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 5).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.2 Phosphorus
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Biochar also increased P-solubilizing bacterial populations such as Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia, Planctomyces, Sphingomonas, and Singulisphaera, which contributed to improving P availability in a forest soil (mountain acidic red loam soil) (Zhou et al. 2020).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.3 Biological properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhou et al. 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Ca contents of animal-manure biochar ranged from 0.40 to 6.15% and that of industrial and municipal waste-derived biochar ranged from 0.37-6.57%(Table 4).Biochar derived from crop residues had concentrations of Ca ranging from 0.20-1.57%and that of woody biochar was in the range of 0.05-2.42%(Table 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.2 Secondary nutrients
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“So, biochar can reduce ortho-P leaching from nutrient-rich soil and influences P availability (Gul and Whalen 2016;Hussain et al. 2017).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.2.2 Phosphorus
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The availability of micronutrients is influenced by the application of biochar to soil (Table 5), and feedstock and type of soil are important in determining micronutrient availability.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, Gao et al. (2016) reported that addition of biochar increased NO3 --N and NH4 + -N retention in soil by 33 and 53%, respectively.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gao et al. 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Availability of most nutrients are positively correlated with the pyrolytic temperature, except N and S, and that is because of volatilization loss.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 6. Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impact of biochar on P uptake is mostly positive and few studies show a negative impact (Table 6).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.6 Phosphorus
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochar can be an important source of plant nutrients and can supply macro-nutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients to plants.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 6. Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the effects of biochar application on N availability in soil are not consistent as the N availability is governed by rate and type of biochar as well as the soil type (Table 5).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Usually the availability of K in soil is increased with the addition of biochar irrespective of the study, although some negative impacts of biochar on the availability of K in soil have been reported (Table 5).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Animal manures and waste-derived biochars have higher N, P, and K contents than crop residues and woody biochars.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 6. Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Application of biochar also enhances nutrient retention by increasing the soil pH and soil organic matter (Mendez et al. 2012).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mendez et al. 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sorrenti et al. (2016) and anion exchange capacities of biochar and its ability to retain ions and molecules within the pores further contribute to biochar's enhanced nutrient retention capacity.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.1 Nutrient Retention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sorrenti et al. 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biochar can contribute to nutrient use efficiency in plants, both directly through increased nutrient uptake and indirectly by decreasing the loss of nutrients through leaching and gaseous emissions.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 5.8 Nutrient use efficiency
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no review concerning the ability of biochar to retain multiple nutrients in soil through reducing gaseous and leaching losses and thus enhance plant growth.
“However, there is no review concerning the ability of biochar to retain multiple nutrients in soil through reducing gaseous and leaching losses and, thus, enhance plant growth.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, high ash and low temperature biochars are suitable for soil fertility improvement due to nutrient delivery and high labile carbon content (Hossain et al. 2020).”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Hossain et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Biochar addition to agricultural soils has improved soil water availability, water holding capacity, and nutrient availability,235, 236, 237 increased soil microbial biomass and activity,238 reduced risk of crust formation and soil erosion,239 enhanced antibacterial activity,240 and reduced mobility and toxicity of environmental pollutants in the soil.241,242”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [236]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this case, ash-rich and animal waste-derived biochars, such as manure biochar may be the best candidate for inorganic nutrient delivery (Binh Thanh et al. 2022; Hossain et al. 2020; Subedi et al. 2016).”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Hossain et al. 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
“the pH values positively correlate with the pyrolytic temperature (Fig. 4).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > List of Figures
“Figure 4: Nitrogen conversion pathways from feedstock-N to biochar-N through the pyrolytic process (Leng et al. 2020)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.2 Chemical properties
“Biochars generally have a pH range of 6.52-12.64(Table 4)”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > List of Figures
“| Chicken | 350 | 5.72 | 26.44 | 2.45 | 0.02 | - | 11 | 2.44 | 1.24 | 1.23 | 5.06 | 2.53 | 2.88 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Xiao et al. (2018) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
“Table 4 shows that the N content of biochar can be of a wide range (0.24 to 6.8 %).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.1.1 Nitrogen
“the N content is high in a few biochars such as those derived from sewage sludge (6.8%), poultry litter (5.85%), grass waste (4.9%), and microalgae (14.12%)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 4.3 Trace elements
“Table 4 shows that Fe content in biochar of animal manure was higher (311-7480 mg kg -1 ) than biochar from crop residues and woody materials.”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > Additional information
“| Swine solids | 700 | 9.50 | 44.1 | 2.61 | 17 | 5.9 | 2.57 | 6.15 | 3.69 | 0.85 | 4981 | 2446 | 74800 | 2240 | 27.4 | | Cantrell et al. |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > 3.1 Physical properties
“The application of biochar reduces bulk density of soil regardless of soil types, study environments, biochar application rate, or production conditions (Table 1).”
§ Biochar and its Importance on Nutrient Dynamics in Soil and Plant: A Review > List of Figures
“| Green | 650 | 3 | Sandy | | | | | | | | 1.30 | 1.30 | Greenberg et |”
Citations
Cites
Biochar effects on soil biota – A review
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W. C., & Crowley, D. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022 · Cited by 5,074
Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review
Ahmad, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Lim, J. E., Zhang, M., Bolan, N., Mohan, D., Vithanage, M., Lee, S. S., & Ok, Y. S. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071 · Cited by 4,662
Self-citationBio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., & Rondon, M. (2006) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5 · Cited by 3,053
Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects
Tomczyk, A., Sokołowska, Z., & Boguta, P. (2020) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3 · Cited by 2,948
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J., & Zech, W. (2002) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4 · Cited by 2,890
Compant, S., Clément, C., & Sessitsch, A. (2010) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024 · Cited by 2,318
A review of biochar and its use and function in soil
Sohi, S. P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., & Bol, R. (2010) · Advances in Agronomy · doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(10)05002-9 · Cited by 2,240
Atkinson, C. J., Fitzgerald, J. D., & Hipps, N. A. (2010) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0464-5 · Cited by 2,154
Mechanisms of metal sorption by biochars: Biochar characteristics and modifications
Li, H., Dong, X., da Silva, E. B., de Oliveira, L. M., Chen, Y., & Ma, L. Q. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.072 · Cited by 1,888
Lehmann, J., Pereira da Silva, J., Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W., & Glaser, B. (2003) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1023/a:1022833116184 · Cited by 1,878
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Lopez-Capel E et al (2016) Biochar properties, 1st edn. Tailor and Francis, Routledge
- Sohi S, Lopez-Capel E, Krull E, Bol R (2009) Biochar, climate change and soil: a review to guide future research vol 05. CSIRO
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality
Wang, F., Harindintwali, J. D., Yuan, Z., Wang, M., Wang, F., Li, S., Yin, Z., Huang, L., Fu, Y., Li, L., et al. (2021) · The Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100180 · Cited by 1,330
Self-citationMultifunctional applications of biochar beyond carbon storage
Bolan, N., Hoang, S. A., Beiyuan, J., Gupta, S., Hou, D., Karakoti, A., Joseph, S., Jung, S., Kim, K.-H., Kirkham, M. B., et al. (2022) · International Materials Reviews · doi:10.1080/09506608.2021.1922047 · Cited by 638
Self-citationBiochar as a tool for the improvement of soil and environment
Kabir, E., Kim, K., & Kwon, E. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2023.1324533 · Cited by 305
Biochar-compost as a new option for soil improvement: Application in various problem soils
Qian, S., Zhou, X., Fu, Y., Song, B., Yan, H., Chen, Z., Sun, Q., Ye, H., Qin, L., & Lai, C. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162024 · Cited by 275
Biochar increases soil carbon pools: Evidence from a global meta-analysis
Chagas, J. K. M., de Figueiredo, C. C., & Ramos, M. L. G. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114403 · Cited by 248
Metadata
- Authors
- Hossain, M. Z., Bahar, M. M., Sarkar, B., Donne, S. W., Ok, Y. S., Palansooriya, K. N., Kirkham, M. B., Chowdhury, S., & Bolan, N.
- Affiliations
- Khulna University (BD)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Korea University (KR)
- Kansas State University (US)
- Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (BD)
- Corresponding author
- Bolan, Nanthi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biochar
- Published
- 2020-09-28
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 379-420
- ISSN
- 2524-7867 (ISSN-L)
- 2524-7972
- OpenAlex
- W3091038929
- Cited by
- 904
- References
- 285
- Citations by year
- 2026: 182 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 28
- FWCI
- 43.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.lancs.ac.uk
- Locations
- Biochar (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- nutrient dynamics, soil amendment, nutrient use efficiency, nitrogen retention, phosphorus availability, potassium, pyrolysis temperature, soil porosity, surface charge, soil pH, nutrient leaching, soil microbial activity, nutrient uptake, soil aggregate stability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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