Impact of Biochar on Earthworm Populations: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Despite the overwhelming importance of earthworm activity in the soil system, there are a limited number of studies that have examined the impact resulting from biochar addition to soil. Biochar is part of the black carbon continuum of chemo-thermal converted biomass. This review summarizes existing data pertaining to earthworms where biochar and other black carbon substances, including slash-and-burn charcoals and wood ash, have been applied. After analyzing existing studies on black carbon, we identified that these additions have a range from short-term negative impacts to long-term null effects on earthworm population density and total biomass. Documented cases of mortality were found with certain biochar-soil combinations; the cause is not fully understood, but hypothesized to be related to pH, whether the black carbon is premoistened, affects feeding behaviors, or other unknown factors. With wood ashes, negative impacts were overcome with addition of other carbon substrates. Given that field data is limited, soils amended with biochar did not appear to cause significant long-term impacts. However, this may indicate that the magnitude of short-term negative impacts on earthworm populations can be reduced with time.
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Biochar amendment has short-term negative effects and long-term null effects on earthworm activity in soil.
“Weyers and Spokas (2011) reported short-term negative effects and long-term null effects of biochar amendment on earthworm activity in soil.”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Weyers and Spokas 2011
The Abstract describes a range from short-term negative impacts to long-term null effects, but specifies that these outcomes concern earthworm population density and total biomass, not activity. Section 4 reports reduced feeding and burrowing activity in some charcoal-amended soils; it does not establish long-term null effects on activity. The review also cautions that effects vary by amendment and soil combination. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPoultry litter biochar had a negative short-term effect or no long-term effect on earthworm activity in soil, attributed to a rapid pH change or high ammonia concentration.
“Similarly, Weyers and Spokas (2011) observed a negative effect (short-term) or no effect (long-term) of poultry litter biochar on earthworm activity in soil, which was attributed to a rapid pH change or high ammonia concentration in the soil due to the addition of the biochar (Liesch 2010).”
From Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant (2020) · cites this paper as Weyers and Spokas 2011
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- Authors
- Weyers, S. L., & Spokas, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weyers, Sharon L.
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Soil Science
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 2011
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 1687-7667 (ISSN-L)
- 1687-7675
- OpenAlex
- W2037466347
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied and Environmental Soil Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Invertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Composting and Vermicomposting Techniques
- Keywords
- biochar, earthworms, black carbon, wood ash, earthworm mortality, earthworm density, soil amendment, soil pH, feeding behavior
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