Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder
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The present study is the first controlled study that evaluates the effects of cognitive therapy along the lines of Beck (1976) [Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorder. New York: International University Press] and Salkovskis (1985) [Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571-583] in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and compares these effects with those of self-controlled exposure in vivo with response prevention. Seventy-one patients were randomly assigned to either cognitive therapy or exposure in vivo. In each treatment condition seven patients dropped out. Both treatments consisted of 16 sessions. Cognitive therapy as well as exposure in vivo led to statistically significant improvement. Multivariate significant differences suggesting a superior efficacy of cognitive therapy in comparison to exposure in vivo on the obsessive compulsive measures and on the measures for associated psychopathology. However, no univariate differences were found. Further, in both treatment conditions a considerable percentage of the patients was rated as "recovered". Significantly more patients were rated as "recovered" in the cognitive therapy. The results show that this form of cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for OCD and suggest that cognitive therapy may be even more effective than exposure in vivo.
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The only trial finding an advantage for CBT over ERP used a version of self-guided exposure, which might have diluted its efficacy.
“It is also noteworthy that the only trial to find an advantage for CBT over ERP used a version of self-guided exposure (van Oppen et al., 1995), which might have diluted its efficacy.”
From An update on the efficacy of psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults (2013) · cites this paper as van Oppen et al., 1995
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CBT for OCD: The rationale, protocol, and challenges
Whittal, M. L., & McLean, P. D. (1999) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(99)80057-1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hoppen, L. M., Kuck, N., Bürkner, P.-C., Karin, E., Wootton, B. M., & Buhlmann, U. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03272-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Belloch, A., Cabedo, E., & Carrió, C. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004451 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Whittal, M. L., & McLean, P. D. (2002) · Cognitive Approaches to Obsessions and Compulsions · doi:10.1016/b978-008043410-0/50028-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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“OCD is a treatable anxiety disorder with good evidence for the effectiveness of empirically based psychological treatments such as CBT.(337)”
BackgroundVerbal repetition in the reappraisal of contamination-related thoughts
Watson, C., Burley, M. C., & Purdon, C. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000196 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Psychological Models and Treatments of OCD for Adults
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“Scores ≥ 16 indicate clinical OCD.51 As we used the Y-BOCS to measure the severity of OCD symptoms, we decided to analyze the clinically significant change obtained with TBCT and ERP.52 Secondary outcome measures: Depressive symptoms were assessed using the BDI,46 a self-administered scale with 21 items, with a maximu…”
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The Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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- Authors
- Van Oppen, P., De Haan, E., Van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Spinhoven, P., Hoogduin, K., & Van Dyck, R.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- ORCID
- Spinhoven, Philip
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-05
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 379-390
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2164244701
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 18.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, cognitive therapy, exposure and response prevention, in vivo exposure, treatment efficacy comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Combined Modality Therapy, Desensitization, Psychologic, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Fluvoxamine, Treatment Outcome
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