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Cited by 836Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR

McGeer, Patrick L., Itagaki, Shigeru, Tago, Hisao, McGeer, Edith G.·1987·Neuroscience Letters
DOI 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90696-3
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Abstract

HLA-DR is a class II cell surface glycoprotein of the human histocompatibility complex usually expressed on the surface of cells that are simultaneously presenting foreign antigen to T-lymphocytes. Using immunohistochemical procedures with two specific monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DR, HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia were found in gray matter throughout the cortex of postmortem brains of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and were particularly concentrated in the areas of senile plaque formation. Double immunostaining with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) showed that the HLA-DR-positive cells were different from the reactive astrocytes although the occasional positively staining giant astrocyte was also seen. Small numbers of resting microglia were HLA-DR-positive in white matter of both normal and SDAT brains. The SDAT cases also had reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels. In the 11 brains studied, the number of hippocampal HLA-DR-positive cells was positively correlated with the numbers of plaques and negatively correlated with average cortical ChAT.

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  • AD is accompanied by activation of microglia and astrocytes that affects clearance and production of Aβ, development and propagation of tau pathology, exacerbates neurodegeneration, and influences disease progression and severity.

    “AD is accompanied by activation of microglia and astrocytes1,2 that affects the clearance and production of Aβ42,3,4 development and propagation of tau pathology,5 exacerbates neurodegeneration, and influences disease progression and severity.6,7”

    From CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease (2018) · cites this paper as [1]

  • Reactive gliosis and neural inflammation are hallmarks of AD, and although microglia are not the primary initiator of AD, they play an important cell-autonomous role in the disease.

    “Reactive gliosis and neural inflammation are hallmarks of AD4,122–125.”

    From Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease (2018) · cites this paper as [122]

  • Microglia in Alzheimer's disease acquire a reactive morphology with short, thick, and poorly ramified processes.

    “Microglia in AD have long been known to acquire what is typically considered a “reactive” morphology, with short, thick, and poorly ramified processes [67–69].”

    From Microglial dysfunction in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (2014) · cites this paper as [69]

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Authors
McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Tago, H., & McGeer, E. G.
Affiliations
University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author
McGeer, Patrick L.
ORCID
McGeer, Patrick L.
Venue
Neuroscience Letters
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1987-08
Volume
79
Issue
1-2
Pages
195-200
ISSN
0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/0304-3940(87)90696-3
OpenAlex
W2074274825
Cited by
836
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 27
FWCI
14.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords
reactive microglia, HLA-DR, senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques, glial fibrillary acidic protein, astrocytes, choline acetyltransferase, hippocampus, neuroinflammation
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Cerebral Cortex, Hippocampus, HLA-D Antigens, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Neuroglia

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