Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,170

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking

Roelofs, Ardi·1992·Cognition
DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90041-f
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90041-f

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 4 references

Research works printed but not linked: 62

  1. Bock, 1982, Toward a cognitive psychology of syntax: Information processing contributions to sentence formulation, Psychological Review, 89, 1, 10.1037/0033-295X.89.1.1 · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.1.1 · Paper page
  2. Bock, 1986, Meaning, sound, and syntax: Lexical priming in sentence production, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 575, 10.1037/0278-7393.12.4.575 · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.4.575 · Paper page
  3. Bock, 1985, Conceptual accessibility and syntactic structure in sentence formulation, Cognition, 21, 47, 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90023-X · DOI · Paper page
  4. Brown, 1966, The “tip of the tongue” phenomenon, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 325, 10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80040-3 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Butterworth, 1980, Some constraints on models of language production, Vol. 1, 423
  6. Charniak, 1983, Passing markers: A theory of contextual influence in language comprehension, Cognitive Science, 7, 171, 10.1207/s15516709cog0703_1 · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0703_1 · Paper page
  7. Cohen, 1990, On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect, Psychological Review, 97, 332, 10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.332 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Dell, 1986, A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production, Psychological Review, 93, 283, 10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.283 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Dell, 1988, The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model, Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 124, 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90070-8 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Dell, 1991, Mediated and convergent lexical priming in language production: A comment on Levelt et al, Psychological Review, 98, 604, 10.1037/0033-295X.98.4.604 · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.4.604 · Paper page
  11. Dell, 1981, Stages in sentence production: An analysis of speech error data, Journal of Verbal Learning Behavior, 20, 611, 10.1016/S0022-5371(81)90202-4 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Fay, 1977, Malapropisms and the structure of the mental lexicon, Linguistic Inquiry, 8, 505
  13. Fiksel, 1976, Question-answering by a semantic network of parallel automata, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 13, 1, 10.1016/0022-2496(76)90033-X · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(76)90033-x
  14. Flores D'Arcais, 1987, Semantic activation during object naming, Psychological Research, 49, 153, 10.1007/BF00308681 · DOI
  15. Fodor, 1975, The psychological unreality of semantic representations, Linguistic inquiry, 6, 515
  16. Fodor, 1980, Against definitions, Cognition, 8, 263, 10.1016/0010-0277(80)90008-6 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Fromkin, 1971, The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances, Language, 47, 27, 10.2307/412187 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Garrett, 1975, The analysis of sentence production, Vol. 9, 133
  19. Garrett, 1980, Levels of processing in sentence production, Vol. 1, 177
  20. Garrett, 1988, Processes in language production, Vol. 3, 69
  21. Glaser, 1992, Picture naming, Cognition, 42, 61, 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90040-O · DOI · Paper page
  22. Glaser, 1984, The time course of picture-word interference, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 640, 10.1037/0096-1523.10.5.640 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Glaser, 1989, Context effects in Stroop-like word and picture processing, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 13, 10.1037/0096-3445.118.1.13 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Guttentag, 1978, Automatic processing as a function of age and reading ability, Child Development, 49, 707, 10.2307/1128239 · DOI
  25. Harley, 1984, A critique of top-down independent levels models of speech production: Evidence from non-plan-internal speech errors, Cognitive Science, 8, 181, 10.1207/s15516709cog0803_1 · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0803_1 · Paper page
  26. Hendler, 1989, Marker-passing over microfeatures: Towards a hybrid symbolic/connectionist model, Cognitive Science, 13, 79, 10.1207/s15516709cog1301_3 · DOI
  27. Humphreys, 1988, Cascade processing in picture identification, Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 67, 10.1080/02643298808252927 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Irwin, 1983, Semantic priming of pictures and words: A levels of processing approach, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 45, 10.1016/S0022-5371(83)80005-X · DOI
  29. Jolicoeur, 1984, Pictures and names: Making the connection, Cognitive Psychology, 16, 243, 10.1016/0010-0285(84)90009-4 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Jones, 1987, Phonological blocking in the tip of the tongue state, Cognition, 26, 115, 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90027-8 · DOI
  31. Kelly, 1986, Prototypicality in a linguistic context: Effects on sentence structure, Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 59, 10.1016/0749-596X(86)90021-5 · DOI
  32. Kempen, 1987, An incremental procedural grammar for sentence formulation, Cognitive Science, 11, 201, 10.1207/s15516709cog1102_5 · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1102_5 · Paper page
  33. Kempen, 1983, The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming: Indirect election of words, Cognition, 14, 185, 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90029-X · DOI · Paper page
  34. La Heij, 1990, Components of Stroop-like interference in word reading, Acta Psychologica, 73, 115, 10.1016/0001-6918(90)90074-P · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90074-p
  35. Levelt, 1991, The time course of lexical access in speech production: A study of picture naming, Psychological Review, 98, 122, 10.1037/0033-295X.98.1.122 · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.1.122 · Paper page
  36. Levelt, 1991, Normal and deviant lexical processing: A reply to Dell and O'Seaghdha, Psychological Review, 98, 615, 10.1037/0033-295X.98.4.615 · DOI
  37. Lupker, 1979, The semantic nature of response competition in the picture-word interference task, Memory and Cognition, 7, 485, 10.3758/BF03198265 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Lupker, 1981, Input, decision, and response factors in picture-word inference, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 269, 10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.269 · DOI
  39. Lyons, 1977, Vol. 1, 309
  40. MacLeod, 1991, Half a century of research of the Stroop effect: An integrative review, Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163, 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · DOI · Paper page
  41. McClelland, 1981, An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings, Psychological Review, 88, 375, 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.375 · DOI · Paper page
  42. McGill, 1963, Stochastic latency mechanisms, Vol. 1, 309
  43. Meyer, 1990, The time course of phonological encoding in language production: The encoding of successive syllables of a word, Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 524, 10.1016/0749-596X(90)90050-A · DOI
  44. Morton, 1969, The interaction of information in word recognition, Psychological Review, 76, 165, 10.1037/h0027366 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Nelson, 1977, Learning to order pictures and words: A model of sensory and semantic encoding, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 485, 10.1037/0278-7393.3.5.485 · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.3.5.485 · Paper page
  46. Phaf, 1990, SLAM: A connectionist model for attention in visual selection tasks, Cognitive Psychology, 22, 273, 10.1016/0010-0285(90)90006-P · DOI · Paper page
  47. Oldfield, 1966, Things, words and the brain, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 340, 10.1080/14640746608400052 · DOI
  48. Quillian, 1967, Word concepts: A theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities, Behavioral Science, 12, 410, 10.1002/bs.3830120511 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Rayner, 1986, Graphemic and semantic similarity effects in the picture-word interference task, British Journal of Psychology, 77, 207, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb01995.x · DOI
  50. Roelofs, A. (in preparation). Lemma retrieval in speaking. Doctoral dissertation in preparation, University of Nijmegen.
  51. Rosinski, 1977, Picture-word interference is semantically based, Child Development, 48, 643, 10.2307/1128667 · doi:10.2307/1128667 · Paper page
  52. Saffran, 1980, Evidence from aphasia: Isolating the components of a production model, Vol. 1, 221
  53. Schriefers, 1990, Lexical and conceptual factors in the naming of relations, Cognitive Psychology, 22, 111, 10.1016/0010-0285(90)90005-O · DOI
  54. Schriefers, 1990, Exploring the time course of lexical access in language production: Picture-word interference studies, Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 86, 10.1016/0749-596X(90)90011-N · DOI · Paper page
  55. Shastri, 1988, A connectionist approach to knowledge representation and limited inference, Cognitive Science, 12, 331, 10.1207/s15516709cog1203_2 · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1203_2
  56. Smith, 1974, Structure and process in semantic memory: A featural model for semantic decisions, Psychological Review, 81, 214, 10.1037/h0036351 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Smith, 1980, Tracing the time course of picture-word processing, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 373, 10.1037/0096-3445.109.4.373 · DOI
  58. Snodgrass, 1984, Concepts and their surface representation, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 3, 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90479-1 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Stemberger, 1985, An interactive activation model of language production, Vol. 1, 143
  60. Theios, 1989, Theoretical analysis of the cognitive processing of lexical and pictorial stimuli: Reading, naming, and visual and conceptual comparisons, Psychological Review, 96, 5, 10.1037/0033-295X.96.1.5 · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.1.5 · Paper page
  61. Van Wijk, 1987, A dual system for producing self-repairs in spontaneous speech: Evidence from experimentally elicited corrections, Cognitive Psychology, 19, 403, 10.1016/0010-0285(87)90014-4 · DOI
  62. Vorberg, 1985, Unerwartete Folgen von Zufälliger Variabilität: Wettlauf-Modelle für den Stroop-Versuch, Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 32, 494

Cited by

See all 1,170

Metadata

Authors
Roelofs, A.
Venue
Cognition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1992-01
Volume
42
Issue
1-3
Pages
107-142
ISSN
0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/0010-0277(92)90041-f
OpenAlex
W2023261118
Cited by
1,170
References
4
FWCI
4.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/0010-0277(92)90041-f
The paper
Roelofs, A. (1992). A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(92)90041-f

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.