Relating self-discrepancy to self-esteem: The contribution of discrepancy beyond actual-self ratings

The Principles of Psychology

James, W. (1891) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,799 · see citing works

Statistical Methods for Psychology.

Gudgeon, A. C., & Howell, D. C. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348956 · Cited by 8,277 · see citing works

Untitled work

(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245 · see citing works

Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect.

Higgins, E. T. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319 · Cited by 7,219 · see citing works

Untitled work

(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872 · see citing works

The antecedents of self-esteem

Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649 · see citing works

Depression: Causes and treatment

Beck, A. T. (1973) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(73)80054-1 · Cited by 3,162 · see citing works

Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders

Ince, L. P. (1977) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1977.31.4.633 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works

Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words.

Anderson, N. H. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025907 · Cited by 1,672 · see citing works

Statistics for behavioral sciences

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (1985) · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works

Personality, cognition, and social interaction

Davies, M. F. (1982) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(82)90019-8 · Cited by 897 · see citing works

Depression: causes and treatment

Mascella, V. (2013) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/s0103-166x2013000200016 · Cited by 833 · see citing works

Self-Concept Discrepancy Theory: A Psychological Model for Distinguishing among Different Aspects of Depression and Anxiety

Higgins, E. T., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. (1985) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1985.3.1.51 · Cited by 721 · see citing works

Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect.

Higgins, E. T., Bond, R. N., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. J. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.5 · Cited by 707 · see citing works

Self-esteem : its conceptualization and measurement

Wells, L. E., & Marwell, G. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 538 · see citing works

Cognitive Processes in Depression

Newman, C. F. (1989) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198908000-00008 · Cited by 475 · see citing works

The measurement of self-esteem: Refining our methods.

Demo, D. H. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1490 · Cited by 335 · see citing works

Automatic activation of self-discrepancies and emotional syndromes: When cognitive structures influence affect.

Strauman, T. J., & Higgins, E. T. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.6.1004 · Cited by 297 · see citing works

The self concept, vol. 1. A review of methodological considerations and measuring instruments

Eysenck, H. J. (1974) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(74)90020-5 · Cited by 278 · see citing works

Issues of validity and reliability in the use of real-ideal discrepancy scores to measure self-regard.

Hoge, D. R., & McCarthy, J. D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1048 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Self-discrepancies: Distinguishing among self-states, self-state conflicts, and emotional vulnerabilities.

Higgins, E. T., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. J. (1987) · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Automatic and dysfunctional cognitive processes in depression.

Moretti, M. M., & Shaw, B. F. (1989) · Cited by 29 · see citing works

The effects of self-correction on cognitive distortions in depression

Dobson, K. S., & Shaw, B. F. (1981) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173691 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle

Higgins, E. T. (1998) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60381-0 · Cited by 3,511 · see citing works

Contingencies of self-worth.

Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.593 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works

The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory.

Andersen, S. M., & Chen, S. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.619 · Cited by 914 · see citing works

Trust and Commitment through Self-Verification

Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (1999) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2695833 · Cited by 718 · see citing works

The "self digest": Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions.

Higgins, E. T. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1062 · Cited by 653 · see citing works

The Ideal Elf: Identity Exploration in World of Warcraft

Bessière, K., Seay, A. F., & Kiesler, S. B. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9994 · Cited by 624 · see citing works

A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence.

Oyserman, D., Gant, L. M., & Ager, J. W. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1216 · Cited by 464 · see citing works

The Video Game Experience as “True” Identification: A Theory of Enjoyable Alterations of Players' Self-Perception

Klimmt, C., Hefner, D., & Vorderer, P. (2009) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01347.x · Cited by 460 · see citing works

A Self-Standards Model of Cognitive Dissonance

Stone, J., & Cooper, J. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1446 · Cited by 450 · see citing works

A possible selves intervention to enhance school involvement

Oyserman, D., Terry, K., & Bybee, D. I. (2002) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.2002.0474 · Cited by 423 · see citing works

Can the Media Affect Us? Social Comparison, Self-Discrepancy, and the Thin Ideal

Bessenoff, G. R. (2006) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00292.x · Cited by 412 · see citing works

Close partner as sculptor of the ideal self: Behavioral affirmation and the Michelangelo phenomenon.

Drigotas, S. M., Rusbult, C. E., Wieselquist, J., & Whitton, S. W. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.293 · Cited by 326 · see citing works

The impact of social media use on appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence – A 3-wave community study

Steinsbekk, S., Wichstrøm, L., Stenseng, F., Nesi, J., Hygen, B. W., & Skalická, V. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106528 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

Self-esteem and persistence in the face of failure.

Paula, A. D., & Campbell, J. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.711 · Cited by 263 · see citing works

Self-discrepancies in clinically anxious and depressed university students.

Scott, L., & O’Hara, M. W. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.2.282 · Cited by 167 · see citing works

The Elaboration of Personal Construct Psychology

Walker, B. M., & Winter, D. A. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085535 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Goal conflict and well-being: a review and hierarchical model of goal conflict, ambivalence, self-discrepancy and self-concordance.

Kelly, R. E., Mansell, W., & Wood, A. M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.011 · Cited by 154 · see citing works

Toward a comprehensive model of death anxiety

Tomer, A., & Eliason, G. T. (1996) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481189608252787 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

Self-discrepancy theory as a transdiagnostic framework: A meta-analysis of self-discrepancy and psychopathology.

Mason, T. B., Smith, K. E., Engwall, A., Lass, A. N. S., Mead, M. P., Sorby, M., Bjorlie, K. A., Strauman, T. J., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000186 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Internet addiction and procrastination among Chinese young adults: A moderated mediation model

Geng, J., Han, L., Gao, F., Jou, M., & Huang, C.-C. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.013 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

When do self-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? The second-generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998).

Higgins, E. T. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1313 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

Perception of self and other in major depression.

Gara, M. A., Woolfolk, R. L., Cohen, B. D., Goldston, R. B., Allen, L. A., & Novalany, J. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.1.93 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

The Moral Self-Image Scale: Measuring and Understanding the Malleability of the Moral Self

Jordan, J., Leliveld, M. C., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01878 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Self–other representations and relational and overt aggression in adolescent girls and boys*

Moretti, M. M., Holland, R., & McKay, S. (2001) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.429 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Living Up to Expectations: Public Attitudes Toward Congress

Kimball, D. C., & Patterson, S. C. (1997) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2998634 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Appreciative Inquiry as a Team-Development Intervention: A Controlled Experiment

Bushe, G. R., & Coetzer, G. H. (1995) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886395311004 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Self-investment and self-esteem: Evidence for a Jamesian model of self-worth.

Pelham, B. W. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1141 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Evidence for the DTA hypothesis II: Threatening self-esteem increases death-thought accessibility

Hayes, J., Schimel, J., Faucher, E. H., & Williams, T. J. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.01.004 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Differentiating shame from guilt

Teroni, F., & Deonna, J. A. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.02.002 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

The Integrated Self-Discrepancy Index: A Reliable and Valid Measure of Self-Discrepancies

Hardin, E. E., & Lakin, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890902794291 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Own versus Other Standpoints in Self-Regulation: Developmental Antecedents and Functional Consequences

Moretti, M. M., & Higgins, E. T. (1999) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.3.3.188 · Cited by 115 · see citing works

The role of actual, ideal, and ought self‐congruence in the consumption of hedonic versus utilitarian brands

Hüber, F., Eisele, A., & Meyer, F. (2017) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21070 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Unemployment, Self-Esteem, and Depression: A Social Comparison Theory Approach

Sheeran, P., Abrams, D., & Orbell, S. (1995) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.1995.9646132 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Work performance. A multiple regulation perspective

Roe, R. A., Cooper, G., & Robertson, I. T. (1999) · Research portal (Tilburg University) · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Identity Verification, Control, and Aggression in Marriage

Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2005) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250506800204 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Message Framing, Self-Discrepancies, and Yielding to Persuasive Messages: The Motivational Significance of Psychological Situations

Tykocinskl, O., Higgins, E. T., & Chaiken, S. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294201011 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

College Students’ Adjustment: The Role of Parent–College Student Expectation Discrepancies and Communication Reciprocity

Agliata, A. K., & Renk, K. (2007) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9200-8 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

On the links between self-discrepancies, rumination, metacognitions, and symptoms of depression in undergraduates

Roelofs, J., Papageorgiou, C., Gerber, R. D., Huibers, M. J. H., Peeters, F. P. M. L., & Arntz, A. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Internalizing the closet: Concealment heightens the cognitive distinction between public and private selves.

Sedlovskaya, A., Purdie-Vaughns, V. J., Eibach, R. P., LaFrance, M., Romero‐Canyas, R., & Camp, N. P. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031179 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Regulatory Focus and the Probability Estimates of Conjunctive and Disjunctive Events

Brockner, J., Paruchuri, S., Idson, L. C., & Higgins, E. T. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2938 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem.

Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Wagner, J., Bleidorn, W., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000052 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Retaliation as a response to procedural unfairness: A self-regulatory approach.

Brebels, L., David De Cremer, A., & Sedikides, C. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012821 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Group-Based Emotional Distress: An Extension of Self-Discrepancy Theory

Bizman, A., Yinon, Y., & Krotman, S. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672012710005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Cultural Estrangement and Terror Management Theory

Cozzarelli, C., & Karafa, J. A. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298243003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Predicting Affect from Global Self-discrepancies: The Dual Role of the Undesired Self

Heppen, J. B., & Ogilvie, D. M. (2003) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.22.4.347.22898 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Identities, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Distress: An Application of Identity-Discrepancy Theory

Marcussen, K. (2006) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1525/sop.2006.49.1.1 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Sociotropy, Autonomy, and Self-Discrepancy: Status in Depressed, Remitted Depressed, and Control Participants

Fairbrother, N., & Moretti, M. M. (1998) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018796810260 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

A regulatory focus model of self-evaluation

Leonardelli, G. J., Lakin, J. L., & Arkin, R. M. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.021 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Family Portraits: Stories As Standards for Family Relationships

Vangelisti, A. L., Crumley, L. P., & Baker, J. L. (1999) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407599163004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Ideal selves and self‐esteem in people with independent or interdependent self‐construal

Hannover, B., Birkner, N., & Pöhlmann, C. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.289 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Self-discrepancies: measurement and relation to various negative affective states

Ozgul, S., Heubeck, B. G., Ward, J., & Wilkinson, R. B. (2003) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530412331312884 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

The role of expectancy and proactive control in stress regulation: A neurocognitive framework for regulation expectation

Raedt, R. D., & Hooley, J. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Self-Presentation on Social Media: When Self-Enhancement Confronts Self-Verification

Zheng, A., Duff, B. R. L., Vargas, P. T., & Yao, M. Z. (2020) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2020.1841048 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

The Social and Psychological Costs of Peer Review

Horn, S. (2015) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1056492615586597 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Adolescent Psychological and Academic Adjustment as a Function of Discrepancies Between Actual and Ideal Self-Perceptions

Ferguson, G. M., Hafen, C. A., & Laursen, B. P. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9461-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

How and when actual‐ideal self‐discrepancy leads to counterfeit luxury purchase intention: A moderated mediation model

Shan, J., Jiang, L., Cui, A. P., Wang, Y., & Ivzhenko, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12730 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

“I'd like to be that attractive, but at least I'm smart”: How exposure to ideal advertising models motivates improved decision‐making

Sobol, K., & Darke, P. R. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.03.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Self-discrepancies and negative affect: A primer on when to look for specificity, and how to find it

Boldero, J., Moretti, M. M., Bell, R., & Francis, J. (2005) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530500048730 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

The Predictive Strength of Personal Constructs Versus Conventional Constructs: Self‐Image Disparity and Neuroticism

Watson, N., & Watts, R. H. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00138 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

The Effects of Badges and Avatar Identification on Play and Making in Educational Games

Kao, D., & Harrell, D. F. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174174 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

The self and depression: Four psychological theories and their potential neural correlates

Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., & Zuroff, D. C. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12456 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Decisional and behavioral procrastination: How they relate to self-discrepancies.

Orellana-Damacela, L., Tindale, R. S., & Suarez‐Balcazar, Y. (2000) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago) · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Connections and Capacity: An Exploration of Preservice Teachers’ Sense of Belonging, Social Networks, and Self-Efficacy in Three Teacher Education Programs

Björklund, P., Daly, A. J., Ambrose, R. C., & van Es, E. A. (2020) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858420901496 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Exploration of virtual body-representation in adolescence: the role of age and sex in avatar customization

Villani, D., Gatti, E., Triberti, S., Confalonieri, E., & Riva, G. (2016) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2520-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Fearing, not loving, the reflection: Narcissism, self-esteem, and self-discrepancy theory

Barnett, M. D., & Womack, P. M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.032 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Self-Guide Strength and Emotional Vulnerability: Birth Order as a Moderator of Self-Affect Relations

Newman, L. S., Higgins, T. E., & Vookles, J. F. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292184003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

The association between shame and substance use in young people: a systematic review

Rahim, M., & Patton, R. (2015) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.737 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Predicting psychological well-being from self-discrepancies: A comparison of idiographic and nomothetic measures

Mcdaniel, B. L., & Grice, J. W. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860701438364 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Vertrauen in Journalismus unter Online-Bedingungen

Prochazka, F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-30227-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Self-Discrepancy Theory, Standards for Body Evaluation, and Eating Disorder Symptomatology Among College Women

Snyder, R. (1998) · Women & Health · doi:10.1300/j013v26n02_05 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Wanting to be better but thinking you can't: Implicit theories of personality moderate the impact of self-discrepancies on self-esteem

Renaud, J. M., & McConnell, A. R. (2006) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860600764597 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Individual self > relational self > collective self—But why? Processes driving the self‐hierarchy in self‐ and person perception

Nehrlich, A. D., Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., & Abele, A. E. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12384 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Audio Matters Too: How Audial Avatar Customization Enhances Visual Avatar Customization

Kao, D., Ratan, R., Mousas, C., Joshi, A., & Melcer, E. F. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501848 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Motivated Implicit Theories of Personality

Steimer, A., & Mata, A. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216629437 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Cognitive Discrepancy Models: Actual, Ideal, Potential, and Future Self-Perspectives of Body Image

Marsh, H. W. (1999) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1999.17.1.46 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

The Interplay of Low Identification, Psychological Detachment, and Cynicism for Predicting Counterproductive Work Behaviour

Tong, J. S., Chong, S., Chen, J., Johnson, R. E., & Ren, X. (2019) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12187 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

The Importance of Importance in the Physical Self: Support for the Theoretically Appealing but Empirically Elusive Model of James

Lindwall, M., Aşçı, F. H., Palmeira, A. L., Fox, K. R., & Hagger, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00678.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works

La théorie de la privation relative et les réactions au handicap: Le rôle des comparaisons intrapersonnelles dans la gestion de l'estime de soi

Dif, S., Guimond, S., Martinot, D., & Redersdorff, S. (2001) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590143000144 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Trait shyness, actual-ought self-discrepancy and discomfort in social interaction

Amico, K. R., Bruch, M. A., Haase, R. F., & Sturmer, P. J. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.06.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Possible Selves in Major Depression

Allen, L. A., Woolfolk, R. L., Gara, M. A., & APTER, J. T. (1996) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199612000-00004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Likeableness and meaningfulness ratings of 555 (+487) person-descriptive words

Chandler, J. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Threat of the thin-ideal body image and body malleability beliefs: Effects on body image self-discrepancies and behavioral intentions

Arciszewski, T., Berjot, S., & Finez, L. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.04.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Self-Lines: A New, Psychometrically Sound, ‘User-Friendly’ Idiographic Technique for Assessing Self-Discrepancies

Francis, J., Boldero, J., & Sambell, N. L. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9009-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Explaining the relationship between ingroup identification and intergroup bias following recategorization: A self-regulation theory analysis

Turner, R. N., & Crisp, R. J. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209351702 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Neuroticism and the Architecture of the Self: Exploring Neuroticism as a Moderator of the Impact of Ideal Self-Discrepancies on Emotion

Wasylkiw, L., Fabrigar, L. R., Rainboth, S., Reid, A., & Steen, C. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00623.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Social Self-Discrepancies From Own and Other Standpoints and Collective Self-Esteem

Bizman, A., & Yinon, Y. (2004) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.144.2.101-114 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

“I like the way I am, but I feel like I could get a little bit bigger”: Perceptions of body image among adolescents and youth living with HIV in Durban, South Africa

Nyamaruze, P., & Govender, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227583 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Self processes in interdependent relationships

Rusbult, C. E., Kumashiro, M., Stocker, S. L., Kirchner, J. L., Finkel, E. J., & Coolsen, M. K. (2005) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.6.3.05rus · Cited by 19 · see citing works

‘Not of this world’: The subjective experience of late-onset psychosis

Quin, R., Clare, L., Ryan, P. H., & Jackson, M. C. (2009) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860903046453 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Self-discrepancy: Comparisons of the psychometric properties of three instruments.

Watson, N., Bryan, B. C., & Thrash, T. M. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0020644 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

MEASURING SELF-DISCREPANCIES ON THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS WITH THE REPERTORY GRID

Mcdaniel, B. L., & Grice, J. W. (2005) · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Effect of consumer self-discrepancy on materialism and impulse buying: the role of subjective well-being

Pupelis, L., & Šeinauskienė, B. (2023) · Central European Management Journal · doi:10.1108/cemj-12-2021-0154 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Self-discrepancy: Long-term test–retest reliability and test–criterion predictive validity.

Watson, N., Bryan, B. C., & Thrash, T. M. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000162 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Validation of the greek version of the body image-acceptance and action questionnaire

Karekla, M., Mavraki, E. Z., Nikolaou, P., & Koushiou, M. (2020) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejcop.v8i1.173 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Neural Correlates of Distorted Self-concept in Individuals With Internet Gaming Disorder: A Functional MRI Study

Kim, M.-K., Jung, Y. H., Kyeong, S.-H., Shin, Y., Kim, E. J., & Kim, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00330 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

A stronger latent‐variable methodology to actual–ideal discrepancy

Scalas, L. F., & Marsh, H. W. (2008) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.694 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Self-gratification and self-discrepancy in purchase of digital items

Li, S., Phang, C. W., & Ling, H. (2019) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-10-2018-0434 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Relational self-regulation: Gender differences in risk for dysphoria.

Moretti, M. M., Rein, A. S., & Wiebe, V. J. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0087067 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The Science of Change

Boyatzis, R. E. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197765142.001.0001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Customer incivil behavior and employee retaliation

Agnihotri, A., & Bhattacharya, S. (2022) · International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences · doi:10.1108/ijqss-09-2021-0137 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Relating self-discrepancy to self-esteem: The contribution of discrepancy beyond acutal-self ratings

Moretti, M. M., & Higgins, E. T. (1990) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)

Negative ideal-self as a standard of self-esteem.

Endo, Y. (1992) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.63.214 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Predicting psychological well-being from self-discrepancies: A comparison of idiographic and nomothetic measures

Mcdaniel, B. L., & Grice, J. W. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860701438364 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Wanting to be better but thinking you can’t: Implicit theory of personality moderate the impact of self-discrepancies on self-esteem

Renaud, J. M., & McConnell, A. R. (2007)

Issues of validity and reliability in the use of real-ideal discrepancy scores to measure self-regard.

Hoge, D. R., & McCarthy, J. D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1048 · Cited by 55 · see citing works