Cited by 142Thermoregulation and physiological responsesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorThermal Regulation in Medicine

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Tyrosine reverses a cold-induced working memory deficit in humans

Shurtleff, David, Thomas, John R., Schrot, John, Kowalski, Kathleen, Harford, Robert·1994·Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

DOI 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90299-2

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Abstract

Acute exposure to cold stress has been shown to impair short-term, or working, memory, which may be related to reduction in, or disruption of, sustained release of brain catecholamines. Administering a supplemental dose of the catecholamine precursor tyrosine may alleviate cold stress-induced memory impairments by preventing cold-induced deficits in brain catecholamine levels. The present experiment determined whether administration of tyrosine would prevent a cold-induced working memory deficit, using a computer-based delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) memory task. Eight male volunteers performed the DMTS task for 30 min at an ambient temperature of either 4 degrees C (cold) or 22 degrees C following a 30-min preexposure period and 2 h after ingesting 150 mg/kg of L-tyrosine or placebo. Subjects demonstrated a decline in matching accuracy on the DMTS task as delay interval increased, such that matching accuracy following a 16-s delay between sample and comparison stimuli was lower than that following a delay of 2 or 8 s. Consistent with previous research, and relative to 22 degrees C exposure sessions, matching accuracy during 4 degrees C exposure sessions was reduced significantly following placebo administration, which is attributed to the effect of cold exposure on short-term, or working, memory. Administration of tyrosine significantly improved matching accuracy at the longest delay interval most affected by cold exposure, such that matching accuracy in the cold following tyrosine was at the same level as matching accuracy following placebo or tyrosine administration at 22 degrees C. Tyrosine administered prior to 22 degrees C exposure had no effect on DMTS performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Sekel, N. M., Beckner, M. E., Conkright, W. R., LaGoy, A. D., Proessl, F., Lovalekar, M., Martin, B. J., Jabloner, L. R., Beck, A. L., Eagle, S. R., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1102425 · Cited by 28
“Each afternoon after completion of a physical testing battery, subjects completed a neurocognitive test battery consisting of two tests: Match to Sample (MATCH) to assess short-term spatial memory (Shurtleff et al., 1994; Lieberman et al., 2002, 2014), and Grammatical Reasoning (GRAM) was adapted from the Baddeley Gra…”
Method
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Shearer, J., Graham, T. E., & Skinner, T. L. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0531 · Cited by 28
Cognitive and Mood Effects of a Nutrient Enriched Breakfast Bar in Healthy Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Groups Study
Kennedy, D. O., Wightman, E. L., Forster, J. S., Khan, J., Haskell‐Ramsay, C. F., & Jackson, P. A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121332 · Cited by 24
Human cold exposure, adaptation and performance in a northern climate
Mäkinen, T. (2006) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v65i4.18118 · Cited by 24
“In addition, Shurtleff et al. (1994) demonstrated that administration of tyrosine significantly improved matching accuracy in cold.”
Background
Kinetics of tyrosine transport and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia
Wiesel, F. ‐., Edman, G., Flyckt, L., ERIKSSON, A., Nyman, H., Venizelos, N., & Bjerkenstedt, L. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.009 · Cited by 23
“In healthy persons, cold or noise stress impairs performance in cognitive tests, which could be prevented by the administration of tyrosine before the stress is triggered (Shurtleff et al., 1994; Deijen et al., 1999).”
Background
Catecholaminergic modulation of the cost of cognitive control in healthy older adults
Froböse, M. I., Westbrook, A., Bloemendaal, M., Aarts, E., & Cools, R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229294 · Cited by 22
A Comparison of Tyrosine against Placebo, Phentermine, Caffeine, andd-Amphetamine During Sleep Deprivation
Waters, W. F., Magill, R. A., Bray, G. A., Vólaufová, J., Smith, S. R., Lieberman, H. R., Rood, J. C., Hurry, M. J., Anderson, T., & Ryan, D. H. (2003) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415031000120543 · Cited by 22
“A number of studies have examined the effects of tyrosine on human performance during stress (Banderet and Lieberman, 1989; Shurtleff et al., 1994; Dollins et al., 1995; Shukitt et al., 1996), and Lieberman has TABLE II Baseline and recovery night polysomnographic data”
Background
Two Days of Calorie Deprivation Induced by Underfeeding and Aerobic Exercise Degrades Mood and Lowers Interstitial Glucose but Does Not Impair Cognitive Function in Young Adults
Lieberman, H. R., Bukhari, A. S., Caldwell, J. A., Wilson, M. A., Mahoney, C. R., Pasiakos, S. M., McClung, J. P., & Smith, T. J. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.238246 · Cited by 22
Support for limited brain availability of tyrosine in patients with schizophrenia
Bjerkenstedt, L., Farde, L., Terenius, L. Y., Edman, G., Venizelos, N., & Wiesel, F. (2005) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145705005638 · Cited by 21
“Studies with experimental animals (Tam and Roth, 1997) and human subjects (Deutsch et al., 1994; Diamond, 1994 ; Griffiths et al., 1995 ; Shurtleff et al., 1994 ; Welsh et al., 1990) have shown that variations in brain tyrosine levels may influence brain function.”
Background
Cognitive, psychomotor, and physical performance in cold air after cooling by exercise in cold water.
O’Brien, C., Tharion, W. J., Sils, I. V., & Castellani, J. W. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 20
Tyrosine enhances behavioral and mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic responses to aversive conditioning
Morrow, B. A., Elsworth, J. D., & Roth, R. H. (1996) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199602)22:2 · Cited by 20
Changes in mood, fatigue, sleep, cognitive performance and stress hormones among instructors conducting stressful military captivity survival training
Vartanian, O. A., Fraser, B., Saunders, D., Ralph, C. S., Lieberman, H. R., Morgan, C. A., & Cheung, B. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.05.008 · Cited by 18
Evaluation of cognitive performance and neurophysiological function during repeated immersion in cold water
Jones, D. M., Bailey, S. P., Pauw, K. D., Folger, S., Roelands, B., Buono, M. J., & MEEUSEN, R. R. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.032 · Cited by 17
Psychoneuroendocrine effects of combined thyroxine and triiodothyronine versus tyrosine during prolonged Antarctic residence
Palinkas, L. A., Reedy, K. R., Smith, M., Anghel, M., Steel, G. D., Reeves, D., Shurtleff, D., Case, H. S., Do, N. V., & Reed, H. L. (2007) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v66i5.18312 · Cited by 16
“Shurtleff and colleagues (26) demonstrated in humans that pretreatment with 150 mg/kg tyrosine reverses cold-related declines in performance on a delayed matchingto-sample task.”
Background
Nutrition and Football
Maughan, R. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203967430 · Cited by 21
Fatigue, Emotion, and Cognitive Performance in Simulated Long-Duration, Single-Piloted Flight Missions
Rosa, E., Grönkvist, M., Kölegård, R., Dahlström, N., Knez, I., Ljung, R., & Willander, J. (2021) · Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance · doi:10.3357/amhp.5798.2021 · Cited by 20
Effect of Carbohydrate Administration on Recovery from Stress-Induced Deficits in Cognitive Function: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Soldiers Exposed to Survival School Stress
Morgan, C. A., Hazlett, G. A., Southwick, S. M., Rasmusson, A. M., & Lieberman, H. R. (2009) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-58-7808 · Cited by 14
Repetitive Low-Level Blast Exposure Alters Circulating Myeloperoxidase, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Neurovascular Endothelial Molecules in Experienced Military Breachers
Rhind, S. G., Shiu, M. Y., Tenn, C. C., Nakashima, A., Jetly, R., Sajja, V. S. S. S., Long, J. B., & Vartanian, O. A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26051808 · Cited by 13
“The delayed matching-to-sample (dMTS) test evaluated short-term visual memory and pattern recognition [104], with accuracy measured as the percentage of correct responses (out of 25 trials).”
Hydrolyzed Chicken Extract (ProBeptigen®) on Cognitive Function in Healthy Middle-Aged People: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial
Wu, D., Yang, C., Chen, K.-Y., Lin, Y., Wu, P.-J., Hsieh, P.-H., Nakao, Y., Ow, M., Hsieh, Y., & Hu, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051362 · Cited by 12
The Fog of War: Documenting Cognitive Decrements Associated with the Stress of Combat
Lieberman, H. R., Bathalon, G. P., Falco, C. M., Georgelis, J. H., Morgan, C. A., Niro, P. J., & Tharion, W. J. (2002) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 12
Some Popular Energy Shots and Their Ingredients: Are They Safe and Should They Be Used? A Literature Review
Higgins, J., Liras, G., & Liras, I. N. (2018) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages4010020 · Cited by 12
Melatonin and thyroid hormones in the cold and in darkness. Association with mood and cognition
Pääkkönen, T. (2010) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v69i3.17604 · Cited by 12
Adsorption of aromatic amino acids in a fixed bed column
Cremasco, M. A., Guirardello, R., & Wang, N.-H. L. (2003) · Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1590/s0104-66322003000300012 · Cited by 12
People are different: tyrosine's modulating effect on cognitive control in healthy humans may depend on individual differences related to dopamine function
Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01101 · Cited by 15
“The supply of TYR was found to reduce stress-induced impairments of working memory and attentional tasks, but more so in individuals who were particularly sensitive to the stressors (Deijen and Orlebeke, 1994; Shurtleff et al., 1994; Mahoney et al., 2007).”
Background
Effects of Fatigue on Cognitive Performance in Long-Duration Simulated Flight Missions
Rosa, E., Eiken, O., Gronkvist, M., Kölegård, R., Dahlström, N., Knez, I., Ljung, R., Jönsson, F. U., & Willander, J. (2020) · Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors · doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a000191 · Cited by 10
Tyrosine Ameliorates Some of the Clinical, Biochemical and Haematological Effects of Acute Stress Associated with Transportation of Desert Sheep
Ali, B. H., Alqarawi, A. A., Mousa, H. M., & Mohammed, S. M. (2001) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1023/a:1010616504811 · Cited by 11
No effect of oral tyrosine on total tyrosine levels in breast milk: implications for dietary supplementation in early postpartum
Dowlati, Y., Ravindran, A. V., Maheux, M., Steiner, M. S., Stewart, D. E., & Meyer, J. H. (2014) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0441-8 · Cited by 10
“However, studies in other human populations have reported a peak plasma tyrosine level between 2 and 3 h after supplement ingestion (Melamed et al. 1980; Shurtleff et al. 1994; Tumilty et al. 2011).”
Background
Tyrosine intake and cardiovascular responses in a motivated performance situation.
Hase, A., Gorrie-Stone, T. J., & Freeman, P. B. (2018) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000144 · Cited by 10
“Consistent with comparable previous studies (Shurtleff et al., 1994; Tumilty et al., 2014), the protocol used 150 mg/kg body mass of L-tyrosine in the powder form (Myprotein.co.uk, Meridian House, Cheshire, United Kingdom) for the tyrosine condition and 150 mg/kg body mass of microcrystalline…”
Method
A Hydrolyzed Chicken Extract CMI-168 Enhances Learning and Memory in Middle-Aged Mice
Tsai, S., Chang, C.-Y., Yong, S. M., Lim, A. L., Nakao, Y., Chen, S.-J., & Kuo, Y. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010027 · Cited by 10
Contingent negative variation in children with anorexia nervosa
Torigoe, K., Numata, O., Sato, T., Imai, C., Takeuchi, K., Yamazaki, H., Hotta, H., Boku, N., Yazaki, S., Sudo, S., et al. (1999) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1046/j.1442-200x.1999.01071.x · Cited by 11
The Use of Caffeine to Enhance Cognitive Performance, Reaction Time, Vigilance, Rifle Marksmanship, and Mood States in Sleep-Deprived Navy SEAL (BUD/S) Trainees
Tharion, W. J., Shukitt‐Hale, B., Coffey, B. P., Desai, M., Strowman, S. R., Tulley, R. T., & Lieberman, H. R. (1997) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e443392005-001 · Cited by 10
Nutrition, the brain and prolonged exercise
Watson, P. (2008) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390801919086 · Cited by 9
“, 1995 ; Shurtleff, Thomas, Schrot, Kowalski, & Harford, 1994 ; Sutton et al.”
Chronic heat stress and cognitive development: An example of thermal conditions influencing human development
Riniolo, T. C., & SCHMIDT, L. (2006) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.01.001 · Cited by 9
A low-protein diet alters rat behavior and neurotransmission in normothermic and hyperthermic environments
Lieberman, H. R., Yeghiayan, S. K., & Maher, T. J. (2005) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.04.011 · Cited by 9
Methodological approach to moving nutritional science evidence into practice
Crawford, C. C., Teo, L., Elfenbaum, P., Enslein, V., Deuster, P. A., & Berry, K. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux017 · Cited by 8
Effects of dietary tyrosine on serum cholesterol fractions in rats
Anaduaka, E. G., Egba, S. I., Jecintha Uchenna, U. G. W. U., Apeh, V. O., & Ugwu, O. P.-C. (2014) · African Journal of Biochemistry Research · doi:10.5897/ajbr2014.0768 · Cited by 8
“It helps in the function of organs responsible for making and regulating hormones, including the adrenal, thyroid and pituitary glands (Shurtleff et al., 1994).”
Background

Authors: Shurtleff, D., Thomas, J. R., Schrot, J., Kowalski, K., & Harford, R.
Affiliations: Naval Medical Research Command (US)
Corresponding author: Shurtleff, David
Venue: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994-04
Volume: 47
Issue: 4
Pages: 935-941
ISSN: 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90299-2
OpenAlex: W2049053055
Cited by: 142
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Office of Naval Research
U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Thermal Regulation in Medicine
Keywords: tyrosine, cold stress, working memory, short-term memory, catecholamines, norepinephrine, delayed matching-to-sample, memory impairment, stress response, blood pressure
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood Pressure, Brain, Cold Temperature, Dopamine, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Norepinephrine, Skin Temperature, Tyrosine

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Tyrosine reverses a cold-induced working memory deficit in humans

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