Why is working memory performance unstable? A review of 21 factors

Blasiman, Rachael N.; Was, Christopher A.

doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472

Cited by 65Cognitive Abilities and TestingNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesCognitive Functions and Memory

Why is working memory performance unstable? A review of 21 factors

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Blasiman, Rachael N., Was, Christopher A.·2018·Europe’s Journal of Psychology

DOI 10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472PMC PMC5973525

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Abstract

In this paper, we systematically reviewed twenty-one factors that have been shown to either vary with or influence performance on working memory (WM) tasks. Specifically, we review previous work on the influence of intelligence, gender, age, personality, mental illnesses/medical conditions, dieting, craving, stress/anxiety, emotion/motivation, stereotype threat, temperature, mindfulness training, practice, bilingualism, musical training, altitude/hypoxia, sleep, exercise, diet, psychoactive substances, and brain stimulation on WM performance. In addition to a review of the literature, we suggest several frameworks for classifying these factors, identify shared mechanisms between several variables, and suggest areas requiring further investigation. This review critically examines the breadth of research investigating WM while synthesizing the results across related subfields in psychology.

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Mental illnesses such as the schizophrenia spectrum and autism spectrum, and high personality traits such as neuroticism and schizotypy personality disorder, are important factors that cause performance differences on WM tasks among individuals.
“Mental illnesses such as the schizophrenia spectrum and autism spectrum, and high personality traits such as neuroticism and schizotypy personality disorder, are important factors that cause performance differences on WM tasks among individuals.”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Blasiman & Was, 2018
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Individual-differences factors are suggested to be less reversible and less malleable, while environmental factors are more reversible, manipulable or malleable.
“The individual‐differences factors are suggested to be less reversible and less malleable, while the environmental factors are more reversible, manipulable or malleable (for detail, see Blasiman & Was, 2018).”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Blasiman & Was, 2018
Blasiman and Was (2018) categorised the factors that influence WM into individual differences and environmental or manipulated factors.
“Blasiman and Was (2018) categorised the factors that influence WM into two major groups: individual differences (such as intelligence, age, gender, personality, and mental illness) and environmental or manipulated factors”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Blasiman & Was, 2018

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Working Memory
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Authors: Blasiman, R. N., & Was, C. A.
Affiliations: Kent State University (US)
Corresponding author: Blasiman, Rachael N.
ORCID: Was, Christopher A.
Venue: Europe’s Journal of Psychology
Publisher: Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID)
Published: 2018-03-12
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 188-231
ISSN: 1841-0413 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472
PMC: PMC5973525
OpenAlex: W2790489362
Cited by: 65
References: 269
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8
FWCI: 0.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Europe’s Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
PsychOpen Gold (Leibniz Institute for Psychology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Psychology Archives (cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: working memory, performance variability, intelligence, gender differences, age effects, personality, mental illness, dieting, craving, stress and anxiety, emotion and motivation, stereotype threat, temperature, mindfulness training, bilingualism, musical training, hypoxia, sleep, physical activity, psychoactive substances, brain stimulation

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