Cited by 1,638Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

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Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats

Plotsky, Paul M., Meaney, Michael J.·1993·Molecular Brain Research

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Abstract

Rat pups 2-14 days of age were exposed daily to handling (15 min of separation from mother and home cage), maternal separation (MS; 180 min of comparable separation), or were left entirely undisturbed (non-handled; NH). As adults, MS rats showed increased hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA levels compared with NH rats, while CRF mRNA levels in H rats were significantly lower than either MS or NH animals. Hypothalamic CRF content under basal conditions followed exactly the same pattern. A 20-min period of restraint stress produced significant CRF depletion in all groups, although the percentage of depletion was significantly lower in H animals compared with either MS or NH animals. Restraint stress produced significantly higher increases in plasma corticosterone in MS and NH animals than in H animals. These data reflect the importance of early environmental factors in regulating the development of the hypothalamic CRF system and the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stress.

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“, 1993) and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (Dhabhar et al., 1993; Plotsky and Meaney, 1993; Dhabhar et al., 1995).”
Early deprivation leads to altered behavioural, autonomic and endocrine responses to environmental challenge in adult Fischer rats
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“Rat mothers give constant care to their young through physical contact (licking, grooming, and nursing) and only leave their pups sporadically for 15–25 min (Plotsky and Meaney, 1993).”
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“. However, longer separations can cause long-term negative effects, as adults can present increased fear-related behavior and accentuated neuroendocrine response to stress”
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“their dam and nest for three or more hours daily during the first two postnatal weeks has been reported to induce depression- and anxiety-related behaviors as well as exaggerated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis responses to stress in adulthood (Plotsky and Meaney 1993; Meaney 2001; Pryce and Feldon 2003).”
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“One fascinating example comes from studies of mother rats and their babies (Francis, Diorio, Liu, & Meaney, 1999; Plotsky & Meaney, 1993; Szyf et al., 2007).”
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Enduring Neurochemical Effects of Early Maternal Separation on Limbic Structures
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“…has focused on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction, such as hypersecretion of corticotropin-releasing factor, adrenocorticotropic hormone, or cortisol in nonhuman animals or human children (e.g., Ladd et al., 1996; Liu et al., 1997; Plotsky & Meaney, 1993; Putnam & Trickett, 1997).”
Background
Early life stress is associated with anxiety, increased stress responsivity and preference for “comfort foods” in adult female rats
Machado, T. D., Molle, R. D., Laureano, D. P., Portella, A. K., Werlang, I. C. R., Benetti, C. D. S., Noschang, C. G., & Silveira, P. P. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.816841 · Cited by 79
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“, 2004), and impaired negative feedback (Maciag et al., 2002; Plotsky and Meaney, 1993).”
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Effects of Early Life Stress on Neuroendocrine and Neurobehavior: Mechanisms and Implications
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“T the ages of P2-20 depending on individual investigators (Lehmann and Feldon, 2000; Plotsky and Meaney, 1993; Reus et al., 2011).”
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Seeding Stress Resilience through Inoculation
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“For instance, maternal separation in infant rodents since birth (continuously for 2 weeks, 3 hours per day) gives rise to hyperactive stress responses in the form of heightened stress hormone release [34].”
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“…there is a general agreement about the molecular neuroplasticity of the CRF neuron following optimal or augmented maternal care early in life (Plotsky and Meaney, 1993; Liu et al., 1997; Korosi and Baram, 2009), this is not the case for the consequences of adverse early-life experience on…”
Influential
Maternal Separation Leads to Persistent Reductions in Pain Sensitivity in Female Rats
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Self-citation
Persistent, but Paradoxical, Effects on HPA Regulation of Infants Maternally Deprived at Different Ages.
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“…behaviors in the adult offspring, as well as an increased neuroendocrine response to stress with a host of neurochemicals acting in brain regions involved in stress responses (Plotsky and Meaney, 1993; Pryce and Feldon, 2003; Daniels et al., 2004; Binder et al., 2011; Barbosa Neto et al., 2012).”
Background
Experiential and genetic contributions to depressive- and anxiety-like disorders: Clinical and experimental studies
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“A total of 34 male and 39 female offspring were included in the study.”
Method
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Median eminence corticotrophin-releasing hormone content following prenatal stress and neonatal handling
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Neonatal maternal separation in male rats increases intestinal permeability and affects behavior after chronic social stress
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Authors: Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J.
Affiliations: Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
Corresponding author: Meaney, Michael J.
ORCID: Meaney, Michael J.
Venue: Molecular Brain Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1993-05
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 195-200
ISSN: 0169-328X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(93)90189-v
OpenAlex: W1984427714
Cited by: 1,638
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 7.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Molecular Brain Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh045216-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH45216)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords: corticotropin-releasing factor, hypothalamus, maternal separation, early life stress, handling, restraint stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, corticosterone, median eminence, stress responsiveness, developmental programming
MeSH terms: Actins, Aging, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Corticosterone, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Handling, Psychological, Hypothalamus, Maternal Behavior, Median Eminence, Reference Values, Restraint, Physical, RNA, Messenger, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Blotting, Northern, Rats

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Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats

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