Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression

Dalgleish, Tim; Watts, Fraser N.

doi:10.1016/0272-7358(90)90098-u

Cited by 367Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory Processes and Influences

Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression

Dalgleish, Tim, Watts, Fraser N.·1990·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90098-u

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Psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, are often characterized by memory biases.
“Psychiatric disorders, such as depression (19, 20) and schizophrenia (21), are often characterized by memory biases.”
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A meta-analysis of the magnitude of biased attention in depression
Peckham, A. D., McHugh, R. K., & Otto, M. W. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20755 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Negative Affects Deriving From the Behavioral Approach System.
Carver, C. S. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.3 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
“In the clinical literature, there is considerable evidence that depression relates to the experience of loss and failure to attain incentives, whereas anxiety relates to the experience of threat (e.g., Ahrens & Haaga, 1993; D. A. Clark, Beck, & Brown, 1989; Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Finlay-Jones & Brown, 1981; Greenber…”
Background
Personality, mood, and cognitive processing of emotional information: Three conceptual frameworks.
Rusting, C. L. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.165 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review
Matt, G. E., Vázquez, C., & Campbell, W. K. (1992) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90116-p · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Emotion and autobiographical memory
Holland, A. C., & Kensinger, E. A. (2010) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.006 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
“, [112,367]), or when individuals are depressed and therefore have a more negative self-concept [95], they are more likely to remember negative experiences than to remember positive ones (see also Section 4.”
The attention-intention-effort pathway in the development of psychophysiologic insomnia: a theoretical review
Espie, C. A., Broomfield, N. M., MacMahon, K. M. A., Macphee, L. M., & Taylor, L. M. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2006.03.002 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: protocol development and initial outcome data
Ellard, K. K., Fairholme, C. P., Boisseau, C. L., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.06.002 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Automatic and effortful processing in depression.
Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C., & Dykman, B. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.247 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
A Unified Model of Depression: Integrating Clinical, Cognitive, Biological, and Evolutionary Perspectives
Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616628523 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
“Furthermore, depressed individuals tend to more readily remember negative information (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990) and have difficulty recalling specific autobiographical memories (leading to “overgeneralization”; see Williams et al., 2007).”
The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives
Allen, N. B., & Badcock, P. B. T. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.887 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Williams, R. M., & Mathews, A. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.2.304 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Self-Discrepancies and Affect: Incorporating the Role of Feared Selves
Carver, C. S., Lawrence, J., & Scheier, M. F. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025007002 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Coherence and Specificity of Information-Processing Biases in Depression and Social Phobia.
Gotlib, I. H., Kasch, K. L., Traill, S., Joormann, J., Arnow, B. A., & Johnson, S. L. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.3.386 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
“Cognitive biases have been studied extensively in the anxiety and depressive disorders (see Dalgleish & Watts, 1990, Williams et al., 1997, and Gotlib, Gilboa, & Sommerfeld, 2000, for reviews).”
Background
Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks
Mackay, D. G., Shafto, M. A., Taylor, J. K., Marian, D. E., Abrams, L., & Dyer, J. R. (2004) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195840 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“The clinical Stroop effect occurs when patients with a particular affective disorder (e.g., spiderphobia) name the colors of words that are either phobia related (e.g., web) or phobia unrelated (e.g., wet): Colornaming times are longer for the patients than for the normal controls, but only for the phobia-related word…”
Background
The impact of emotion on perception, attention, memory, and decision-making.
Brosch, T., Scherer, K., Grandjean, D., & Sander, D. (2013) · Swiss medical weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2013.13786 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
“Like any other complex system, emotion may go awry, as illustrated for example by exaggerated attentional bias to threat in anxiety [23] or preferential memory for negative events in depression [56].”
THE MOTIVATIONAL IMPACT OF TEMPORAL FOCUS: Thinking About the Future and the Past
Karniol, R., & Ross, M. (1996) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.593 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Exploring the roles of approach and avoidance in depression: An integrative model
Trew, J. L. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.007 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“Depression is also associated with memory biases (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Mineka & Sutton, 1992).”
Background
Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders
Etkin, A., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091290 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory functioning in depression and reports of early abuse.
Kuyken, W., & Brewin, C. R. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.104.4.585 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Paying attention to emotion: An fMRI investigation of cognitive and emotional Stroop tasks
Compton, R. J., Banich, M. T., Mohanty, A., Milham, M. P., Herrington, J. D., Miller, G. A., Scalf, P. E., WEBB, A. G., & Heller, W. (2003) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.2.81 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“Researchers have recently developed an emotional variant of the Stroop task in order to examine selective attention in the presence of emotional distractors ( Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Williams, Mathews, & MacLeod, 1996).”
Background
Theoretical aspects of goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation
Siegert, R. J., & Taylor, W. J. (2003) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280410001644932 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Consistency in adult reporting of adverse childhood experiences
Colman, I., Kingsbury, M. K., Garad, Y., Zeng, Y., Naicker, K., Patten, S. B., Jones, P. B., Wild, T. C., & Thompson, A. H. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002032 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“Depression has been previously associated with negative memory bias, especially for information that is emotionally toned (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990); both clinical depression and induced negative mood have been found to lead to a higher probability of recalling negative personal memories (Clark &…”
BackgroundInfluential
Mental state decoding abilities in clinical depression
Lee, L., Harkness, K. L., Sabbagh, M. A., & Jacobson, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.02.007 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“However, the paradigm employed by the majority of these studies required participants to recall emotions from memory or freely label emotion terms, processes that themselves are associated with negative biases in depression independent of emotion recognition (Dalgleish and Watts, 1990).”
Biased attention in childhood Anxiety disorders: A preliminary study
Vasey, M. W., Daleiden, E. L., Williams, L. L., & Brown, L. M. (1995) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf01447092 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“This type of emotional Stroop task has been used widely in studies of anxious adults (see Dalgliesh & Watts, 1990, for a recent review).”
BackgroundMethod
A naturalistic visual scanning approach to assess selective attention in major depressive disorder
Eizenman, M., Yu, L., Grupp, L. A., Eizenman, E., Ellenbogen, M. A., Gemar, M. C., & Levitan, R. D. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00068-4 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“A large body of work suggests that selective attention to negatively valenced information supports and sustains the maladaptive patterns of information processing that trigger and maintain both anxious and depressed states (Dalgleish and Watts, 1990; Mathews and MacLeod, 1994; Mogg and Bradley, 1998).”
Background
Cognitive deficits in major depression
Ravnkilde, B., Videbech, P., Clemmensen, K., Egander, A., Rasmussen, N. A., & Rosenberg, R. (2002) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00292 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
A systematic meta-analysis of the Stroop task in depression
Epp, A., Dobson, K. S., Dozois, D. J. A., & Frewen, P. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.005 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“…are presented for longer periods of time to allow for greater elaborative processing (see Mogg & Bradley, 2005) and/or c) when self-relevant as opposed to general emotional stimuli are presented (see Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Mathews & MacLeod, 1994; Mogg & Bradley, 2005; Williams et al., 1996).”
Background
Anxiety and depression in psychosis: a systematic review of associations with positive psychotic symptoms
Hartley, S., Barrowclough, C., & Haddock, G. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12080 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the retrospective nature of the self-reported presence of depression tempers the validity of the findings, especially as depressive episodes often involve concurrent memory biases (66).”
Background
Autobiographical memory processes and the course of depression.
Brewin, C. R., Reynolds, M., & Tata, P. R. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.108.3.511 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Apparent symptom overreporting in combat veterans evaluated for ptsd
Frueh, B. C., Hamner, M. B., Cahill, S. P., Gold, P. B., & Hamlin, K. L. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00015-x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Implicit associations for fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears.
Teachman, B. A., Gregg, A. P., & Woody, S. R. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.226 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Affect and the Functional Bases of Behavior: On the Dimensional Structure of Affective Experience
Carver, C. S. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0504_4 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“Henriques and Davidson (1991) reported that clinically depressed persons had lower activation in left anterior areas (the areas related to approach) than did nondepressed persons.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Neuropsychological impairment in fibromyalgia
Suhr, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00628-1 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“In addition, level of psychological distress (depression, anxiety) has been significantly correlated with cognitive findings in both FM and depressed patients [9,10,15–19].”
Result
An information-processing perspective on childhood anxiety
Daleiden, E. L. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00010-x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Emotional response categorization.
Niedenthal, P. M., Halberstadt, J. B., & Innes-Ker, Å. H. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.2.337 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Anxiety and the Processing of Emotionally Threatening Stimuli: Distinctive Patterns of Selective Attention among High- and Low-Test-Anxious Children
Vasey, M. W., El-Hag, N. F., & Daleiden, E. L. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01789.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Enhanced accuracy of mental state decoding in dysphoric college students
Harkness, K., Sabbagh, M., Jacobson, J., Chowdrey, N., & Chen, T. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930541000110 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Such a pattern of results is not surprising, however, given that depression is associated with a general bias to selectively recall negative social information (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990).”
Background
Cognitive Deficits in Depression and Functional Specificity of Regional Brain Activity
Levin, R. L., Heller, W., Mohanty, A., Herrington, J. D., & Miller, G. A. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9128-z · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“Despite the claim that attentional biases are more common in anxious individuals and memory biases more common in depressed individuals (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Matthews & MacLeod, 1994), a number of studies have reported an attentional bias for negatively valenced stimuli in depression.”
Background
An Anxiety-Related Bias in Semantic Activation When Processing Threat/Neutral Homographs
Richards, A., & French, C. C. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724989208250625 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
An emotional Stroop functional MRI study of euthymic bipolar disorder
Malhi, G. S., Lagopoulos, J., Sachdev, P. S., Ivanovski, B., & Shnier, R. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00255.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A Cognitive Theory and Therapy for Chronic Insomnia
Harvey, A. G. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.19.1.41.66332 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“The experimental literature in cognitive psychology indicates that when anxious, there is a narrowing of the stimuli in the environment that are attended to (Easterbrook, 1959) and attention is preferentially directed toward potential threats (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990).”
Background
Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion.
Niedenthal, P. M., Bräuer, M., Robin, L., & Innes-Ker, Å. H. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.419 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Of course, this vigilance does not have to imply subsequent skill or effectiveness in using the emotional information that has been perceived (e.g., Dalgleish & Watts, 1990 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Depressive symptoms and neurocognitive test scores in patients passing symptom validity tests
Rohling, M. L., Green, P., Allen, L. M., & Iverson, G. L. (2002) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(01)00109-3 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Contrary to the suggestions of Dalgleish and Watts (1990), Hartlage et al. (1993), Jorm (1986), and Weingartner (1986), as well as our own hypothesis, the results failed to reveal effortful processing deficits associated with depression.”
BackgroundMethodResult
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Smith, M. T., & Pigeon, W. R. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50067-7 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The future is here: A review of foresight systems in anxiety and depression
Miloyan, B., Pachana, N. A., & Suddendorf, T. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.863179 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“However, some studies have been unable to replicate findings of such autobiographical memory biases in anxious groups (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Levy & Mineka, 1998).”
Attention bias for disgust
Charash, M., & McKay, D. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00171-8 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Attentional bias in Obsessional Compulsive Disorder
Tata, P. R., Leibowitz, J. A., Prunty, M. J., Cameron, M., & Pickering, A. D. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00041-u · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research
Kivelä, L., van der Does, W. A. J., Riese, H., & Antypa, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.876595 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Psychiatric disorders, such as depression (19, 20) and schizophrenia (21), are often characterized by memory biases.”
Background
The etiology of specific phobias: A review
Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00014-1 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“A consistent finding in Stroop studies with anxious patients is that the their color naming of threatening words is slower than that of neutral words (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990).”
Background
Implicit and Explicit Components of Prejudice
Bräuer, M., Wasel, W., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2000) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.4.1.79 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Halberstadt and Niedenthal (1997) , echoing Dalgleish and Watts (1990), made a related distinction between the automatic capture of attention by an emotional stimulus and the use of the attended stimulus in subsequent processing , using individual differences as a case in point.”
Background
Memory bias in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
Radomsky, A. S., & Rachman, S. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00151-x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
UNDERSTANDING HETEROGENEITY IN PTSD: FEAR, DYSPHORIA, AND DISTRESS
Zoellner, L. A., Pruitt, L. D., Farach, F. J., & Jun, J. J. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22133 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Not surprisingly, epidemiological data show that between 48 and 55% of people with PTSD have comorbid MDD.[10, 11] Using tetrachoric correlations, PTSD and MDD are significantly associated with one another (.50), showing a similar degree of association to other anxiety disorders with MDD (.42–.60).”
Influential
The relevance of self‐compassion as an intervention target in mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review based on an emotion regulation framework
Finlay‐jones, A. L. (2017) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12131 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Given substantial evidence of the role that threat-related attentional biases plays in and anxiety and depression (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Price et al., 2016; Shechner & Bar-Haim, 2016), a worthwhile avenue for future research is to examine whether the link between selfcompassion and symptoms of…”
Background
Memory bias in social phobia
Rapee, R. M., McCallum, S., Melville, L. F., Ravenscroft, H., & Rodney, J. M. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90087-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Distracted and down: neural mechanisms of affective interference in subclinical depression
Kaiser, R. H., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Spielberg, J. M., Warren, S. L., Sutton, B. P., Miller, G. A., Heller, W., & Banich, M. T. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu100 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Such biases purportedly arise from the match between negative information and the depressed individual’s mood (Dalgleish and Watts, 1990) and beliefs about the self and future (Beck, 1967, 2008).”
Background
Anxiety as an “epistemic” emotion: An uncertainty theory of anxiety
Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2005) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800500209324 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“First introduced by Krohne (1989) in his model of anxiety, and then refined by Dugas et al. (1998), the ‘‘intolerance of uncertainty’’ construct is defined as a predisposition to react negatively to an uncertain event (appraising it as disturbing or even unacceptable), independent of both its probability and consequen…”
Background
Intrusive memories of childhood abuse during depressive episodes
Kuyken, W., & Brewin, C. R. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90140-6 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Attentional shifts to emotionally charged cues: Behavioural and erp data
Stormark, K. M., Nordby, H., & Hugdahl, K. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508408978 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Models of Insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Shaw, P. J., Cano, G., & Espie, C. A. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00078-5 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
CONNECTIONIST MODELS OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AND ATTENTIONAL BIAS
Harley, G. M. T. A. (1996) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999396380060 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Control theory and psychopathology: an integrative approach.
Mansell, W. (2005) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608304x21400 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Vagus nerve stimulation improves working memory performance
Sun, L., Peräkylä, J., Holm, K., Haapasalo, J., Lehtimäki, K., Ogawa, K., Peltola, J., & Hartikainen, K. (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1285869 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Subject-related factors include mood, with depression and anxiety typically increasing attention allocation to threat (Bishop, 2008; Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; MacLeod & Mathews, 1988).”
Background
The directed forgetting task: application to emotionally valent material
Power, M., Dalgleish, T., Cláudio, V., Tata, P. R., & Kentish, J. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00084-1 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Selective processing of visual alcohol cues in abstinent alcoholics: an approach-avoidance conflict?
Stormark, K., Field, N. P., Hugdahl, K., & Horowitz, M. J. (1997) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(96)00051-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Current research on cognitive aspects of anxiety disorders
Ferreri, F., Lapp, L. K., & Peretti, C.-S. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32833f5585 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-reported cognitive failures and neurotic symptomatology
Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., Nijman, H., & de Jong, P. D. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00024-4 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Free viewing of sad and happy faces in depression: A potential target for attention bias modification
Lazarov, A., Ben‐Zion, Z., Shamai‐Leshem, D., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.047 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“itizes negative-valence over positive and neutral information (Dalgleish and Watts, 1990; De Raedt and Koster, 2010; Koster et al., 2011; Peckham et al., 2010).”
Opiate States of Memory: Receptor Mechanisms
Slot, L. A. B., & Colpaert, F. C. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-23-10520.1999 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“…(moodcongruent) items are better learned and remembered than items that are not (Bower, 1981; Clark and Teasdale, 1982; Blaney, 1986; Kenealy, 1997), and the recall of unpleasant items in depressed patients appears to be better than that of other items (Willner, 1985; Dalgleish and Watts, 1990).”
Background
The Effects of Blocked Versus Random Presentation and Semantic Relatedness of Stimulus Words on Response to a Modified Stroop Task Among Social Phobics
Holle, C., Neely, J. H., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021860324879 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The Comorbidity of PTSD and MDD: Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
Angelakis, S., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2015) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2014.26 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Along similar lines, Brewin and colleagues (Brewin, Hunter, Carroll, & Tata, 1996; Brewin et al., 2010), drawing on work from the depression ﬁeld (e.g., Dalgleish & Watts, 1990), proposed that MDD in the context of PTSD enhances access to negative memories and reduces access to positive memories.”
Information processing biases and panic disorder: Relationships among cognitive and symptom measures
Teachman, B. A., Smith-Janik, S. B., & Saporito, J. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.009 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“However, this has been disputed, with some researchers arguing that Stroop effects more clearly demonstrate interference from personally relevant stimuli, rather than a clean attentional bias (see Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Williams et al., 1997).”
Background
Self-criticism in adulthood and recalled childhood experience.
Brewin, C. R., Firth‐Cozens, J., Furnham, A. F., & McManus, I. C. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.3.561 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The stability of parental bonding reports: a 20-year follow-up.
Murphy, E., Wickramaratne, P., & Weissman, M. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The mood–congruent memory bias of depression theory supports the idea that individuals tend to recallmaterial thatmatches themood they are in during retrieval (Blaney, 1986; Bower, 1981, 1987; Bower and Forgas, 2000; Dalgleish and Watts, 1990).”
Stressors, locus of control, and social support as consequences of affective psychological well-being.
Daniels, K., & Guppy, A. (1997) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.2.2.156 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Emotional state and the use of stimulus dimensions in judgment.
Halberstadt, J. B., & Niedenthal, P. M. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.72.5.1017 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
A longitudinal investigation of information processing and cognitive organization in clinical depression: Stability of schematic interconnectedness.
Dozois, D. J. A., & Dobson, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.6.914 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Memory for emotional trait adjectives in clinically depressed youth.
Doost, H. T. N., Taghavi, M. R., Moradi, A., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.4.642 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Diathesis-stress models of psychopathology: A quantitative genetic perspective
Rende, R., & Plomin, R. J. (1992) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80123-4 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Level of processing modulates the neural correlates of emotional memory formation
Ritchey, M., LaBar, K., & Cabeza, R. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21487 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…that individual differences in valence-driven memory biases, both in the normal population and in the special populations like depressed patients (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990) or older adults (Mather & Knight, 2005), might be partially underscored by individual differences in the experience of…”
The relation between anxiety and skill in performance-based anxiety disorders: A behavioral formulation of social phobia
Hopko, D. R., McNeil, D. W., Zvolensky, M. J., & Eifert, G. H. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80052-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Implicit and explicit memory for emotional information in non-clinical subjects
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Williams, R. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90085-x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Information Processing and Anxiety Sensitivity: Cognitive Vulnerability to Panic Reflected in Interpretation and Memory Biases
Teachman, B. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-0627-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“The difference in response time is interpreted as evidence of attentional bias (though this has been disputed; see Dalgleish & Watts, 1990; Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1997).”
Background
Clinical Implications of Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretative Biases in Social Anxiety: An Integrative Literature Review
Mobini, S., Reynolds, S., & Mackintosh, B. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9445-8 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…is based on the assumption that understanding the cognitive processes underlying the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders is a necessary prerequisite to the development of successful clinical interventions (e.g., Dalgleish and Watts 1990; Mathews and MacLeod 2002; Williams et al. 1997).”
Background
Depression, mindfulness, and psilocybin: possible complementary effects of mindfulness meditation and psilocybin in the treatment of depression. a review
Heuschkel, K., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“To exemplify, depressed patients take more time to adapt to new rules in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and show attentional and memory deficits predominantly in the context of positive affective stimuli (9, 10).”
Background
How Does Rumination Impact Cognition? A First Mechanistic Model
van Vugt, M. K., van der Velde, M., & ESM‐MERGE Investigators (2018) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12318 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“One class of theories suggests that rumination arises from an increased bias toward negatively valenced information (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990).”
Background
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of emotional Stroop in euthymic bipolar disorder
Lagopoulos, J., & Malhi, G. S. (2007) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282efa07a · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“For instance, the emotional Stroop task has been used successfully to modify performance by selective attention to emotionally relevant stimuli [9] demonstrating eloquently how emotion modulates brain activity in regions that subserve cognitive function [10].”
Method
Depressed patients' parental representations: stability across changes in depressed mood and specificity across diagnoses
Gerlsma, C., Das, J., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1993) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(93)90005-5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The effects of distraction during exposure to phobic stimuli
Rodriguez, B. I., & Craske, M. G. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90106-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Attention to Positive and Negative Social-Evaluative Words: Investigating the Effects of Social Anxiety, Trait Anxiety and Social Threat
Mansell, W., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., & Chen, Y. (2002) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800290007263 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Monitoring for Sleep-Related Threat: A Pilot Study of the Sleep Associated Monitoring Index (SAMI)
Semler, C. N., & Harvey, A. G. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000114870.50968.90 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory in the euthymic phase of recurrent depression.
Spinhoven, P., DELTA Study Group, Bockting, C., Schene, A. H., Koeter, M. W. J., Wekking, E. M., & Williams, J. M. G. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.3.590 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Memory impairment might be associated with more overarching factors common to various forms of psychopathology (e.g., severity of illness, motivational deficits, or effortful processing deficits) (Dalgleish & Watts, 1990).”
Background

Attentional biases in anxiety and depression: current status and clinical considerations
Houwer, J. D., & Koster, E. H. W. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21117 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Specificity and overlap of attention and memory biases in depression
Marchetti, I., Everaert, J., Dainer‐Best, J., Loeys, T., Beevers, C. G., & Koster, E. H. W. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.037 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Mood-congruent memory biases in anxiety and depression
Mineka, S., & Nugent, K. M. (1995) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Comparison of Attentional Biases and Memory Biases in Women With Social Phobia and Major Depression.
Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.62 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Habits of thought produce memory biases in anxiety and depression
Hertel, P. T. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511521263.007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Authors: Dalgleish, T., & Watts, F. N.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: Watts, Fraser N.
ORCID: Dalgleish, Tim
Watts, Fraser N.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1990-01
Volume: 10
Issue: 5
Pages: 589-604
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90098-u
OpenAlex: W1965578008
Cited by: 366
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 11.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: attentional bias, memory bias, anxiety disorders, depression, threat stimuli, mood-congruent memory, cognitive biases, diathesis-stress model, schema theory, mental models, cognitive assessment, cognitive therapy

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