If nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant in animal studies, dare we recommend nicotine replacement therapy in pregnant women and adolescents?
Abstract
Tobacco use in pregnancy is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and contributes in major ways to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorders and learning disabilities that emerge in childhood and adolescence. Over the past two decades, animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure have demonstrated that nicotine is a neurobehavioral teratogen that disrupts brain development by preempting the natural, neurotrophic roles of acetylcholine. Through its actions on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, nicotine elicits abnormalities of neural cell proliferation and differentiation, promotes apoptosis and produces deficits in the number of neural cells and in synaptic function. The effects eventually compromise multiple neurotransmitter systems because of the widespread regulatory role of cholinergic neurotransmission. Importantly, the long-term alterations include effects on reward systems that reinforce the subsequent susceptibility to nicotine addiction in later life. These considerations strongly question the appropriateness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation in pregnant women, especially as the pharmacokinetics of the transdermal patch may actually enhance fetal nicotine exposure. Further, because brain maturation continues into adolescence, the period when smoking typically commences, adolescence is also a vulnerable period in which nicotine can change the trajectory of neurodevelopment. There are also serious questions as to whether NRT is actually effective as an aid to smoking cessation in pregnant women and adolescents. This review considers the ramifications of the basic science findings of nicotine's effects on brain development for NRT in these populations.
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Prenatal nicotine exposure in rats at plasma levels comparable to human active smokers causes apoptosis, fewer neuronal cells, truncated axonogenesis, and deficient synaptogenesis.
“In developing rats exposed prenatally to nicotine at plasma levels comparable to those in human active smokers, standard biomarkers of cell injury indicate apoptosis, reductions in the numbers of neuronal cells, truncation of axonogenesis, and deficient synaptogenesis.”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Animal models show that prenatal nicotine exposure reproduces the brain and behavior effects seen with maternal smoking in pregnancy.
“Animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure have successfully recapitulated the neurodevelopmental and behavioral phenotypes associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy,(55-57, 64, 306)”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
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Altered Reward Processing in Adolescents With Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Cigarette Smoking
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- Authors
- Slotkin, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slotkin, Theodore A.
- ORCID
- Slotkin, Theodore A.
- Venue
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-19
- ISSN
- 0892-0362 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022650589
- Semantic Scholar
- 0fb4b6facf6162047d6bcbbf3c7aa7c06ad759db
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 255
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- nicotine, nicotine replacement therapy, prenatal nicotine exposure, developmental neurotoxicity, smoking cessation during pregnancy, adolescent smoking, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, cholinergic neurotransmission, brain development, nicotine dependence, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, learning disabilities, reward systems
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Nicotine, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Substance-Related Disorders
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