Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
Objectives This study sought to determine whether nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation is abnormal in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Background Multiple investigations, both in experimental models and in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, demonstrate impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Decreased availability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide may contribute to the high prevalence of vascular disease in diabetes.Methods Vascular reactivity was measured in the forearm resistance vessels of 21 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 23 matched healthy control subjects. No patient had hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. Each subject was pretreated with aspirin to inhibit endogenous production of vasoactive prostanoids. Methacholine chloride (0.3 to 10 microg/min) was administered through a brachial artery cannula to assess vasodilation to endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Sodium nitroprusside (0.3 to 10 microg/min) was infused to evaluate vasodilation to an exogenous nitric oxide donor. Verapamil (10 to 300 microg/min) was administered to distinguish impaired nitric-oxide-mediated vasodilation from general dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle. Forearm blood flow was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography, and dose-response curves were generated for each agent. To assess the role of vasoconstrictor prostanoids, a subset of eight diabetic subjects were reexamined in the absence of aspirin treatment.Results Basal forearm blood flow in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects was comparable. The forearm blood flow responses to both methacholine chloride and nitroprusside were significantly attenuated in diabetic compared with nondiabetic subjects (p < 0.005 by analysis of variance for both agents). In contrast, the response to verapamil was not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.50). The forearm blood flow responses to these agents were not significantly affected by cyclooxygenase inhibition.Conclusions Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation is impaired in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Vasoconstrictor prostanoids do not contribute significantly to vascular dysfunction. The attenuated response to exogenous as well as endogenous nitric oxide donors suggests that the abnormality is due to increased inactivation of nitric oxide or to decreased reactivity of the vascular smooth muscle to nitric oxide.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Abnormalities in endothelium-dependent vascular responses have been found among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
“Abnormalities in endothelium-dependent vascular responses, perhaps the earliest demonstrable alteration in vascular health, have been found among patients with type 2 DM (2,3).”
From Improved Endothelial Function With Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2001) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor
Palmer, R. M. J., Ferrige, A. G., & Moncada, S. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/327524a0 · Cited by 10,704 · see citing works
Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods
Walker, E., Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., & Muller, K. E. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270375 · Cited by 8,538 · see citing works
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide.
Ignarro, L. J., Buga, G. M., Wood, K. S., Byrns, R. E., & Chaudhuri, G. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.24.9265 · Cited by 5,074 · see citing works
Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion.
Kubes, P., Suzuki, M., & Granger, D. N. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.11.4651 · Cited by 3,052 · see citing works
Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor
Gryglewski, R. J., Palmer, R. M. J., & Moncada, S. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/320454a0 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
Garg, U. C., & Hassid, A. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114081 · Cited by 2,154 · see citing works
Effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man
Vallance, P., Collier, J., & Moncada, S. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91013-1 · Cited by 1,590 · see citing works
An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation.
Radomski, M. W., Palmer, R. M., & Moncada, S. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.13.5193 · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
Bucala, R., Tracey, K. J., & Cerami, A. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115014 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Johnstone, M. T., Creager, S. J., Scales, K. M., Cusco, J. A., Lee, B. K., & Creager, M. A. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.6.2510 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Self-citationMcVeigh, G. E., Brennan, G. M., Johnston, G. D., McDermott, B. J., McGrath, L. T., Henry, W. R., Andrews, J. W., & Hayes, J. R. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00429099 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods
Sharma, S., Kleinbaum, D. G., & Kupper, L. L. (1978) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150614 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods.
Iversen, G. R., Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., & Muller, K. E. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289682 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
CARTER, V. B. (1951) · PubMed · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Free radicals mediate endothelial cell dysfunction caused by elevated glucose
Tesfamariam, B., & Cohen, R. A. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.2.h321 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Calver, A., Collier, J., & Vallance, P. J. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116149 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Nitric oxide regulates basal systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance in healthy humans.
Stamler, J. S., Loh, E., Roddy, M.-A., Currie, K., & Creager, M. A. (1994) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.89.5.2035 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Self-citationWeksler, B. B., Pett, S. B., Alonso, D. R., et al. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198304073081402 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Free radicals in diabetic endothelial cell dysfunction
Tesfamariam, B. (1994) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(94)90040-x · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Vlassara, H., Fuh, H., Makita, Z., Krungkrai, S., Cerami, A., & Bucala, R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.24.12043 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Tesfamariam, B., Brown, M. L., Deykin, D., & Cohen, R. A. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114521 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Attenuation of endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta from diabetic rats
Oyama, Y., 川崎, 久., Hattori, Y., & Kanno, M. (1986) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90013-0 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
An Electrically Calibrated Plethysmograph for Direct Measurement of Limb Blood Flow
Hokanson, D. E., Sumner, D. S., & Strandness, D. E. (1975) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.1975.324535 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Diabetes as an atherogenic factor
Ruderman, N. B., & Haudenschild, C. C. (1984) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/0033-0620(84)90011-2 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Superoxide dismutase recovers altered endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetic rat aorta
Hattori, Y., 川崎, 久., Abe, K., & Kanno, M. (1991) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.4.h1086 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Impairment of endothelium‐dependent relaxation in aortae from spontaneously diabetic rats
Durante, W., Sen, A. K., & Sunahara, F. A. (1988) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11548.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Contraction of diabetic rabbit aorta caused by endothelium-derived PGH2-TxA2
Tesfamariam, B., Jakubowski, J. A., & Cohen, R. A. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.5.h1327 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Endothelial Release of Nitric Oxide Contributes to the Vasodilator Effect of Adenosine in Humans
Smits, P., Williams, S. B., Lipson, D. E., Banitt, P. F., Rongen, G. A. P. J. M., & Creager, M. A. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.8.2135 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationElliott, T. G., Cockcroft, J. R., Groop, P., Viberti, G. C., & Ritter, J. M. (1993) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0850687 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Endothelial dysfunction in mesenteric resistance arteries of diabetic rats: role of free radicals
Diederich, D. A., Skopec, J., Diederich, A., & Dai, F. X. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1994.266.3.h1153 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Oxygen free radicals abolish endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetic rat aorta
Pieper, G. M., & Gross, G. J. (1988) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.4.h825 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Hinzen, D., Hornykiewicz, O., Kobinger, W., et al. (1986) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90517-0 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilatation of cerebral arterioles during diabetes mellitus
Mayhan, W. G. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.3.h621 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Potassium channel openers and vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
Edwards, G., & Weston, A. (1990) · Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90082-d · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Regulation of spontaneous EDRF release in diabetic rat aorta by oxygen free radicals
Langenstroer, P., & Pieper, G. M. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.1.h257 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Aorta of BB Rat
Meraji, S., Jayakody, L., SENARATNE, M. P. J., Thomson, A. B. R., & Kappagoda, T. C. (1987) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.36.8.978 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Topical hyperglycemia rapidly suppresses EDRF-mediated vasodilation of normal rat arterioles
Bohlen, H. G., & Lash, J. M. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.1.h219 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Endothelium-Dependent Vascular Relaxation in Patients With Type I Diabetes
Smits, P., Kapma, J.-A., Jacobs, M. C., et al. (1993) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.42.1.148 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Bioassay of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in diabetic rat aorta
Pieper, G. M., Mei, D. A., Langenstroer, P., et al. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.3.h676 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Lash, J. M., & Bohlen, H. G. (1991) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.69.5.1259 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Vascular responsiveness and cation exchange in insulin-dependent diabetes
Halkin, A., Benjamin, N., Doktor, H. S., et al. (1991) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0810223 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Role of the wrist cuff in forearm plethysmography
Lenders, J. W. M., Janssen, G.-J. A., Smits, P., et al. (1991) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0800413 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Abiru, T., Watanabe, Y., Kamata, K., et al. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Interference of glycosylated human hemoglobin with endothelium-dependent responses.
Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., Arribas, S. M., Girón, C., et al. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.5.2111 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Primary nitrate tolerance in diabetes mellitus
McVeigh, G. E., Brennan, G., Hayes, R., et al. (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00428787 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
915-76 ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels Contribute to Reactive Hyperemia in Humans
Banitt, P. F., Smits, P., Williams, S. B., et al. (1995) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)91753-k · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- HokauwDESwuuerDS,Saandoen DEJr.Anekcrricrllyubbmtcd PkthpDograpbfordircct uteawemcnt d limb blood Rev. IEEE Tram Biomed Eng 1975z!I25-9.
- Tcsfamariam 8. Free radicals in diahctic cndothclial ccl1 dysfunctmn. Free Radic Btol Mcd IUV4;16:3H.3-YI. idc dt\murdsc and catalasc normalize coronary artcriolar rqrunses to arctylcholinc in diabcb mcllitus it; \i\o [ahtractl. Circulatnm l994.u) Suppl l:l-571.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effect of exercise training on endothelium‐derived nitric oxide function in humans
Green, D. J., Maiorana, A., O'Driscoll, G., & Taylor, R. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068197 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
The role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular diseases
NASEEM, K. (2005) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2004.09.003 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Role of insulin resistance in endothelial dysfunction
Muniyappa, R., & Sowers, J. R. (2013) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-012-9229-1 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Improved Endothelial Function With Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Mather, K. J., Verma, S., & Anderson, T. J. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01129-9 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Yan, S. F., Ramasamy, R., Naka, Y., & Schmidt, A. M. (2003) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000103862.26506.3d · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular complications
Jay, D., Hitomi, H., & Griendling, K. K. (2006) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.018 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Road to Diabetes and Heart Disease
Caballero, A. E. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.174 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Body temperature regulation in diabetes
Kenny, G. P., Sigal, R. J., & McGinn, R. (2016) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2015.1131506 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Folic Acid Reverts Dysfunction of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
Stroes, E. S. G., van Faassen, E. E., Yo, M., Martasek, P., Boer, P., Govers, R., & Rabelink, T. J. (2000) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.86.11.1129 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and its pathophysiologic regulation
Chatterjee, A., & Catravas, J. D. (2008) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2008.06.008 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
eNOS phosphorylation in health and disease
Kolluru, G. K., Siamwala, J. H., & Chatterjee, S. (2010) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.020 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Arterial stiffness or endothelial dysfunction as a surrogate marker of vascular risk
Anderson, T. J. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70990-4 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Potential Role of Increased Iron Stores in Diabetes
Wilson, J. G., Maher, J. F., Lindquist, J. H., Grambow, S. C., & Crook, E. D. (2003) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200306000-00004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Koska, J., Sands, M., Burciu, C., D’Souza, K. M., Raravikar, K., Liu, J., Truran, S., Franco, D. A., Schwartz, E. A., Schwenke, D. C., et al. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0976 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Zoppini, G., Targher, G., Zamboni, C., Venturi, C., Cacciatori, V., Moghetti, P., & Muggeo, M. (2006) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2005.09.004 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Ferric saccharate induces oxygen radical stress and endothelial dysfunction in vivo
Rooyakkers, T. M., Stroes, E. S. G., Kooistra, M. P., Van Faassen, E. E., Hider, R. C., Rabelink, T. J., & Marx, J. J. M. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.0320s1009.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Winnick, J. J., Sherman, W. M., Habash, D. L., Stout, M. B., Failla, M. L., Belury, M. A., & Schuster, D. P. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1524 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Woessner, M., Smoliga, J. M., Tarzia, B., Stabler, T., Van Bruggen, M., & Allen, J. D. (2016) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.01.002 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
N., C., & J., C. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0975-6 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Shah, S., Iqbal, M., Karam, J., Salifu, M., & McFarlane, S. I. (2007) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1629 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Dietary nitrite improves insulin signaling through GLUT4 translocation
Jiang, H., Torregrossa, A. C., Potts, A., Pierini, D., Aranke, M., Garg, H. K., & Bryan, N. S. (2014) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.809 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Muskiet, M. H. A., Tonneijck, L., Smits, M. M., Kramer, M. H. H., Diamant, M., Joles, J. A., & van Raalte, D. H. (2016) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12601 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
PPARα: an emerging therapeutic target in diabetic microvascular damage
Hiukka, A., Maranghi, M., Matikainen, N., & Taskinen, M.-R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.89 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Stewart, K. J. (2004) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2004.06.007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Canagliflozin Inhibits Human Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Tube Formation
Behnammanesh, G., Durante, Z. E., Peyton, K. J., Martinez-Lemus, L. A., Brown, S. M., Bender, S. B., & Durante, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00362 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Bender, S. B., Herrick, E. K., Lott, N. D., & Klabunde, R. E. (2007) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00650.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Why the endothelium? The endothelium as a target to reduce diabetes-associated vascular disease
Triggle, C. R., Ding, H., Marei, I., Anderson, T. J., & Hollenberg, M. D. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2019-0677 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Goya, K., Sumitani, S., Otsuki, M., Xu, X., Yamamoto, H., Kurebayashi, S., Saito, H., Kouhara, H., & Kasayama, S. (2006) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.08.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Williams, S. B., Cusco, J. A., Roddy, M.-A., Johnstone, M. T., & Creager, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Creager, Mark A.
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 567-574
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1993387626
- Cited by
- 1,014
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 15.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Harvard University
- National Institutes of Health (5k07hl002663-02)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL02663)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, endothelium-dependent vasodilation, type 2 diabetes, forearm blood flow, vascular smooth muscle, methacholine, sodium nitroprusside, verapamil, cyclooxygenase inhibition, aspirin, vascular dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Blood Flow Velocity, Constriction, Pathologic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Forearm, Humans, Male, Nitric Oxide, Nitroprusside, Parasympathomimetics, Vasodilator Agents, Verapamil, Case-Control Studies, Methacholine Chloride
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
