The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 75 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control
Open accessAbstract
In this cross-sectional study, we explored the relationship between loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the effects of escape motivation and self-control. We recruited 1034 adolescents (mean age 15.76 ± 1.20 years) from China. The results showed that loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation and adolescent problematic mobile phone use. Furthermore, when controlling for gender, escape motivation mediated the relationship between loneliness and problematic mobile phone use, and self-control moderated the relationship between escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use. Specifically, as self-control increased, escape motivation was less likely to induce problematic mobile phone use. Thus, loneliness and escape motivation may be factors that increase the risk of problematic mobile phone use, and self-control should be considered in prevention and intervention strategies aimed at attenuating adolescent problematic mobile phone use.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-control had a significant moderating effect in the relationship between escape motivation and PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation × Impulse → Problematic mobile phone use | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.25 | (-0.02, 0.07)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation (0.11) exhibited a significant mediating effect”
- Also stated in: § Mediating role of escape motivation · plain
“Loneliness → escape motivation → problematic mobile phone use | 0.11 | 0.02 | | (0.08, 0.15)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Mediating role of escape motivation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Loneliness precedes escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use in time, as required for the mediation model.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships among loneliness, escape motivation, and problematic mobile phone use beyond gender.
- Also stated in: § Mediating role of escape motivation · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Impulse was positively associated with PMPU, and negatively associated with self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“at both levels of self-control, escape motivation had a significant positive predictive effect on PMPU (Fig. 3 ; low self-control individuals: β = 0.56, SE = 0.03, t = 16.20; high self-control individuals: β = 0.46, SE = 0.03, t = 13.79; all p < 0.001)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Impulse was positively associated with PMPU, and negatively associated with self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation was positively associated with impulse and PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The moderating effect of impulse was not significant.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation × Self-control → Problematic mobile phone use | −0.05 | 0.02 | −2.27* | (−0.09, −0.01)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation was positively associated with impulse and PMPU and negatively associated with self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness affected PMPU only through the mediating role of escape motivation, accounting for 83.55% of the total effect. Thus, escape motivation fully, rather than partially, mediates the relationship between loneliness and adolescent PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Mediating role of escape motivation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Loneliness precedes escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use in time, as required for the mediation model.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships among loneliness, escape motivation, and problematic mobile phone use beyond gender.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent-samples t-test revealed significant differences between men and women for the variables of escape motivation (t = −2.50, p < 0.05), self-control (t = −2.17, p < 0.05), and PMPU (t = −3.77, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found for loneliness (t = −1.57, p > 0.05) or impulse (t = −1.78, p > 0.05).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,034Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, loneliness and escape motivation may be factors that increase the risk of problematic mobile phone use”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Loneliness precedes escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use in time, as required for the mediation model.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships among loneliness, escape motivation, and problematic mobile phone use beyond gender.
In the paper
“This increase in mobile phone use time may increase the risk of problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) among adolescents and affect their physical and mental health and academic performance (Arpaci & Kocadag Unver, 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arpaci & Kocadag Unver, 2020
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some reports have suggested that loneliness has increased during this pandemic (Killgore et al., 2020, Li and Wang, 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Killgore et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Li and Wang, 2020 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Excessive mobile phone use can severely affect adolescent mental health and well-being (Busch & McCarthy, 2021).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Busch & McCarthy, 2021 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“According to the dual-mode of self-control model, the complete self-control model includes an impulse system and a self-control system (Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Escapism-oriented motivation can be a powerful predictor of problematic use of video game live-streaming services (Chen & Chang, 2019) and Internet gaming disorder (Kircaburun et al., 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen & Chang, 2019
- Not checked yetcites Kircaburun et al., 2020 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some studies have concluded that escape motivation mediates the associations between people’s characteristics and problematic behaviors, such as trait emotional intelligence, Internet gaming disorder (Kircaburun et al., 2020), social anxiety, and smartphone overuse (Shen & Ran, 2018).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kircaburun et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Shen & Ran, 2018
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Deficient Self-regulation Model (Tokunaga & Rains, 2010) states that individuals with insufficient self-regulation and self-control may be unable to restrain their inner craving to use mobile phones (e.g., escape motivation), which may lead to an uncontrolled increase in mobile phone use time, eventually leading to PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tokunaga & Rains, 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All students, their parents, and teachers gave their informed consent.”
- Also stated in: § Participants and procedures · plain
“All participants were volunteers and could withdraw from the study at any time.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Participants and procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Participants and procedures · plain
In the paper
“according to the I-PACE, motivation as an internal trigger can influence problematic and addictive behaviors (Brand et al., 2019).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brand et al., 2019 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Human Investigations Committee of Southwest University approved the study.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Participants and procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High levels of self-control were negatively associated with PMPU (Khang et al., 2012, Kim et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2018), while lower levels of self-control were a main pathway leading to PMPU (Billieux, 2012, Billieux et al., 2015).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“self-control is a protective factor of adolescent PMPU (Niu et al., 2020), and adolescents with low levels of self-control are more likely to develop problematic Internet use (Park et al., 2014).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies showed that highly self-controlled individuals were more effective than impulsive individuals in regulating their problematic behaviors (Gao, Liu, Gao, & Li, 2020) and reducing the occurrence of PMPU (Duckworth, 2011).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gao, Liu, Gao, & Li, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Duckworth, 2011 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The stimulation hypothesis (Kerkhof, Finkenauer, & Muusses, 2011) states that mobile phone users rely on instant messaging applications to establish online social relationships with others, which can increase social channels, improve friendship quality, and reduce negative feelings such as loneliness.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kerkhof, Finkenauer, & Muusses, 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the face of temptation, the impulse system may produce a positive approach to temptation, while the self-control system can reject temptation through thoughtful consideration and standards.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the I-PACE (Brand et al., 2019), in the process of problematic behaviors (e.g., PMPU), the associations between craving (e.g., escape motivation) and diminished inhibitory control (e.g., self-control) contribute to developing habitual behaviors.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brand et al., 2019 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Self-control was measured using the Chinese version (Xie, Wang, Tao, Fan, & Gao, 2014) of the Dual-Mode of Self-Control Scale (DMSC-S) by Dvorak and Simons (2009).”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s α was 0.87 for the whole scale and 0.86 each for the impulse and self-control subscales.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xie, Wang, Tao, Fan, & Gao, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Dvorak and Simons, 2009
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
In the paper
“Burglass (1985) stated that the main motivations of addictive behavior (e.g., PMPU) are to reduce pain, anxiety, and other negative emotions (e.g., loneliness), in other words, to escape.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burglass, 1985 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“reduced interaction with others in the real world and offline can increase people’s loneliness and thus increase their evasive tendencies (Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Shen and Wang (2019) found a positive association between loneliness and escape motivation among college students.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shen and Wang, 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Loneliness was measured by a validated Chinese version of the UCLA loneliness self-report scale (Liu & Wang, 2012) compiled by Russell (1996).”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s α was 0.90.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu & Wang, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Russell, 1996 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Six items on escape motivation were drawn from Motivations for Smartphone Use adapted by Kim (2017) from Leung and Wei (2000).”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s α was 0.82.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim, 2017 source
- Not checked yetcites Leung and Wei, 2000
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the results verified the I-PACE model (Brand et al., 2019, Brand et al., 2016); that is, loneliness may influence one’s decision to use the Internet for gratification, which will in turn influence PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Relationship between loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescents with low self-control may be unable to resist the temptation of mobile phones and eventually show a tendency toward PMPU (Khang et al., 2012, Wilson et al., 2010).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results are similar to those of previous studies, which showed that individuals with high levels of self-control were less likely to escape the real world by immersing themselves in a virtual world and thus less likely to use their mobile phones indiscriminately (Li et al., 2016).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Human Investigations Committee of Southwest University approved this research.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Compliance with Ethical Standards > Ethical Approval
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the participants, 38 did not complete the surveys, and 22 answered all questions with the same response (i.e., they selected the same number) and were excluded from the analysis. Thus, the final sample included 1034 participants (valid response rate: 94.52%)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Participants and procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,034Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“With COVID-19, because of the need to prevent furthering the epidemic (Killgore et al., 2020), adolescents have fewer opportunities for outdoor activities; hence, mobile phone applications may be one of their main approaches to temporarily reducing inner emptiness and loneliness.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Relationship between loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Killgore et al., 2020
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, by the time we collected the data, COVID-19 was mostly under control in China, and some students had returned to school; therefore, these data may differ from other regional data during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Limitations, implications, and future directions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the one hand, the main motivation for addictive behavior is to reduce negative emotions by escaping (Burglass, 1985).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burglass, 1985 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PMPU was evaluated via the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008).”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s α was 0.88.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leung, 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“especially for adolescents, because of COVID-19, middle and high school students cannot go to school or communicate in person with their classmates, which may make them feel lonelier (Bu et al., 2020, Killgore et al., 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bu et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Killgore et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As mentioned, the impulse system may be positively associated with problematic behaviors (Hofmann et al., 2009, Li and Huang, 2012), making it more likely to lead to PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites Li and Huang, 2012
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, escape motivation was the only motivational factor considered in the study; no relationships between other motivational factors and PMPU were evaluated.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Limitations, implications, and future directions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, response bias may exist in self-reporting, although we took measures to reduce adolescents’ worries about participating, such as giving them clear instructions, telling them there were no right or wrong answers to the questions, and emphasizing the confidentiality of the results.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Limitations, implications, and future directions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Loneliness precedes escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use in time, as required for the mediation model.
“we used the PROCESS macro for SPSS (model 4) to examine the mediating effects of escape motivation in the relationship between loneliness and PMPU.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships among loneliness, escape motivation, and problematic mobile phone use beyond gender.
“using gender as a covariate”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of adolescents from three high schools in Sichuan and Chongqing is representative of Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“We recruited 1034 adolescents (mean age 15.76 ± 1.20 years) from China.”
“from three high schools in Sichuan and Chongqing, China”
The paper relies on this without support.
The underlying mechanisms and the relationship between loneliness and problematic mobile phone use in adolescents have rarely been studied.
“Previous studies have focused mainly on the direct relationship between loneliness and PMPU in college students, but the underlying mechanisms (e.g., how loneliness is associated with PMPU) and the relationship between loneliness and PMPU in adolescents have rarely been studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationship between escape motivation, self-control, and problematic mobile phone use is the same during the COVID-19 pandemic and in normal life before it.
“Thus, whether it's during the COVID-19 pandemic or in normal life before it, self-control could alleviate the influences of escape motivation on PMPU.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized temporal sequence in which loneliness precedes escape motivation, which precedes problematic mobile phone use.
“Escape motivation fully, rather than partially mediated the effects of loneliness on PMPU.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Loneliness was significantly and positively associated with PMPU during the COVID-19 pandemic, thus supporting H1.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Two studies found significant positive associations between loneliness and technology-based pathologies including mobile addiction [45], social media disorder [42], excessive game addiction, and pathological game addiction [59], although these latter two associations varied by children versus adolescents.”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [59]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Escape-motivation path has an incompatible t statistic
MinorFor the escape-motivation-to-PMPU path, dividing the reported coefficient of 0.44 by its standard error of 0.03 gives about 14.67, not 18.47. Even allowing both inputs to have been rounded to two decimal places cannot produce the reported t statistic.
Reported 18.47 · recomputed 14.666667
“Escape motivation → problematic mobile phone use | 0.44 | 0.03 | 18.47*** | (0.39, 0.49) |”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Li, J., Zhan, D., Zhou, Y., & Gao, X.
- Affiliations
- Southwest University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Xuemei
- Venue
- Addictive Behaviors
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 118
- Pages
- 106857
- ISSN
- 0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8598166
- OpenAlex
- W3128920942
- Semantic Scholar
- 00475e8e967a09a8f5195240aad871ff4010fee6
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 16
- FWCI
- 43.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (cstc2018jcyjAX0480)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWU1909226)
- National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences (19BSH112)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- loneliness, problematic mobile phone use, adolescents, COVID-19 pandemic, escape motivation, self-control, mediation, moderation, Chinese adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Cell Phone Use, COVID-19, Adolescent, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Loneliness, Motivation, Pandemics
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