The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 75 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control
Open accessAbstract
In this cross-sectional study, we explored the relationship between loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the effects of escape motivation and self-control. We recruited 1034 adolescents (mean age 15.76 ± 1.20 years) from China. The results showed that loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation and adolescent problematic mobile phone use. Furthermore, when controlling for gender, escape motivation mediated the relationship between loneliness and problematic mobile phone use, and self-control moderated the relationship between escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use. Specifically, as self-control increased, escape motivation was less likely to induce problematic mobile phone use. Thus, loneliness and escape motivation may be factors that increase the risk of problematic mobile phone use, and self-control should be considered in prevention and intervention strategies aimed at attenuating adolescent problematic mobile phone use.
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48 Not checked yet · 21 Own result · 8 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-control had a significant moderating effect in the relationship between escape motivation and PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation × Impulse → Problematic mobile phone use | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.25 | (-0.02, 0.07)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation (0.11) exhibited a significant mediating effect”
- Also stated in: § Mediating role of escape motivation · plain
“Loneliness → escape motivation → problematic mobile phone use | 0.11 | 0.02 | | (0.08, 0.15)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Mediating role of escape motivation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Loneliness precedes escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use in time, as required for the mediation model.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships among loneliness, escape motivation, and problematic mobile phone use beyond gender.
- Also stated in: § Mediating role of escape motivation · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Impulse was positively associated with PMPU, and negatively associated with self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“at both levels of self-control, escape motivation had a significant positive predictive effect on PMPU (Fig. 3 ; low self-control individuals: β = 0.56, SE = 0.03, t = 16.20; high self-control individuals: β = 0.46, SE = 0.03, t = 13.79; all p < 0.001)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Impulse was positively associated with PMPU, and negatively associated with self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation was positively associated with impulse and PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The moderating effect of impulse was not significant.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation × Self-control → Problematic mobile phone use | −0.05 | 0.02 | −2.27* | (−0.09, −0.01)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation was positively associated with impulse and PMPU and negatively associated with self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation, impulse, and PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation was positively associated with impulse and PMPU and negatively associated with self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation and adolescent problematic mobile phone use”
- Also stated in: § Preliminary analyses · plain
“Loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation, impulse, and PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Preliminary analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation, impulse, and PMPU, and negatively associated with self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation and adolescent problematic mobile phone use”
- Also stated in: § Preliminary analyses · plain
“Loneliness was positively associated with escape motivation, impulse, and PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Preliminary analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-control was negatively associated with PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelationaln = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness was significantly and positively associated with PMPU during the COVID-19 pandemic, thus supporting H1.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Relationship between loneliness and PMPU
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation fully, rather than partially mediated the effects of loneliness on PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized temporal sequence in which loneliness precedes escape motivation, which precedes problematic mobile phone use.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with H3, we found that the moderating role of self-control on escape motivation and PMPU was significant, but the role of impulse was not, which partially supports H3.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with that of adolescents with high levels of self-control, escape motivation more effectively predicts PMPU in those with lower self-control”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with H3, we found that the moderating role of self-control on escape motivation and PMPU was significant, but the role of impulse was not, which partially supports H3.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escape motivation is one predictor of PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized temporal sequence in which loneliness precedes escape motivation, which precedes problematic mobile phone use.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that self-control reduced the influence of escape motivation on PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Moderating effect of impulse and Self-control
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have shown that general inhibitory control moderates the relationship between craving and behavior (Ma et al., 2020, Markowitz et al., 2019).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ma et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Markowitz et al., 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“loneliness, caused by unsatisfying interpersonal relationships, could activate adolescent escape motivation (Zhen et al., 2019).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhen et al., 2019 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Loneliness is assumed to be a core characteristic during periods such as the COVID-19 pandemic (Killgore et al., 2020); thus, according to the I-PACE, loneliness can influence PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A longitudinal study also showed that loneliness positively predicted levels of problematic smartphone use (Kim, 2019).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim, 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many cross-sectional studies have shown that loneliness is an important predictor of PMPU (Bian and Leung, 2015, Kim et al., 2009, Ma et al., 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Researchers have found similar results regarding escape motivation and mobile phone overuse among South Korean (Park, 2003) and British (Young, Kuss, Griffiths, & Howard, 2017) college students.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Park, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Young, Kuss, Griffiths, & Howard, 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“studies on Chinese college students have shown that escape motivation is positively correlated with excessive use of social networks and PMPU (Liu and Yu, 2011, Shen and Ran, 2018, Wang et al., 2015).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu and Yu, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Shen and Ran, 2018
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Compensatory Internet Use theory (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014) suggests that when individuals have psychosocial problems in the real world, they may use virtual networks or mobile phones to escape negative feelings (i.e., loneliness).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kardefelt-Winther, 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have indicated that self-control plays a significant role in moderating adolescent behavioral problems (Li et al., 2016, Niu et al., 2020, Park et al., 2014).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a survey of 4509 middle school students in China revealed that loneliness and smartphone overuse were positively correlated (Zhen, Liu, Hong, & Zhou, 2019).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhen, Liu, Hong, & Zhou, 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some studies have demonstrated that loneliness is an important factor affecting the level of escape motivation that people experience (Kim, 2017, Zhen et al., 2019).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“may use virtual networks to escape their loneliness and depression in the real world (Fu et al., 2020, Yang et al., 2020)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fu et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Yang et al., 2020 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, some lonely adolescents may satisfy their individual social needs through social relationships on the Internet (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Relationship between loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kardefelt-Winther, 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It also confirms the Deficient Self-regulation Model (Tokunaga & Rains, 2010) in that good self-regulation and self-control may reduce the risk of PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tokunaga & Rains, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that escape motivation may exert an increased influence on the behavior of adolescents with lower self-control.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In the paper
“However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, if adolescents want to communicate with their friends to escape the loneliness caused by the disease control measures (Tull et al., 2020), they must use mobile phones online regardless of whether their individual impulse is high or low.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tull et al., 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As a type of media, smart phones can allow people to escape negative emotions induced by the real world (Shen & Ran, 2018), such as loneliness caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shen & Ran, 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“which is similar to previous findings that escape motivation may mediate the relationship between one’s characteristics and problematic behaviors (Kircaburun et al., 2020, Shen and Wang, 2019)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kircaburun et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Shen and Wang, 2019
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“That is, those with lower self-control are at higher risk of PMPU owing to their idea of escaping from reality (Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2010).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“its full mediating effect confirmed that it is an important risk factor for adolescent PMPU”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized temporal sequence in which loneliness precedes escape motivation, which precedes problematic mobile phone use.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, adolescents who were lonelier were more likely to experience increased escape motivation, indirectly resulting in PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized temporal sequence in which loneliness precedes escape motivation, which precedes problematic mobile phone use.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, escape motivation was positively associated with PMPU regardless of impulse level.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, whether it's during the COVID-19 pandemic or in normal life before it, self-control could alleviate the influences of escape motivation on PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The relationship between escape motivation, self-control, and problematic mobile phone use is the same during the COVID-19 pandemic and in normal life before it.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In the paper
“which may cause problems with smartphone use (Wang et al., 2015)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, a cross-sectional study cannot determine a causal relationship between loneliness and PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Limitations, implications, and future directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“individuals who are very lonely have strong negative experiences with real-life interpersonal relationships (Bu et al., 2020)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bu et al., 2020
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness affected PMPU only through the mediating role of escape motivation, accounting for 83.55% of the total effect. Thus, escape motivation fully, rather than partially, mediates the relationship between loneliness and adolescent PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Mediating role of escape motivation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Loneliness precedes escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use in time, as required for the mediation model.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships among loneliness, escape motivation, and problematic mobile phone use beyond gender.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent-samples t-test revealed significant differences between men and women for the variables of escape motivation (t = −2.50, p < 0.05), self-control (t = −2.17, p < 0.05), and PMPU (t = −3.77, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found for loneliness (t = −1.57, p > 0.05) or impulse (t = −1.78, p > 0.05).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Preliminary analyses
plainn = 1,034 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, loneliness and escape motivation may be factors that increase the risk of problematic mobile phone use”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Loneliness precedes escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use in time, as required for the mediation model.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships among loneliness, escape motivation, and problematic mobile phone use beyond gender.
In the paper
“This increase in mobile phone use time may increase the risk of problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) among adolescents and affect their physical and mental health and academic performance (Arpaci & Kocadag Unver, 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arpaci & Kocadag Unver, 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some reports have suggested that loneliness has increased during this pandemic (Killgore et al., 2020, Li and Wang, 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Killgore et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Li and Wang, 2020 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Excessive mobile phone use can severely affect adolescent mental health and well-being (Busch & McCarthy, 2021).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Busch & McCarthy, 2021 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“According to the dual-mode of self-control model, the complete self-control model includes an impulse system and a self-control system (Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Escapism-oriented motivation can be a powerful predictor of problematic use of video game live-streaming services (Chen & Chang, 2019) and Internet gaming disorder (Kircaburun et al., 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen & Chang, 2019
- Not checked yetcites Kircaburun et al., 2020 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some studies have concluded that escape motivation mediates the associations between people’s characteristics and problematic behaviors, such as trait emotional intelligence, Internet gaming disorder (Kircaburun et al., 2020), social anxiety, and smartphone overuse (Shen & Ran, 2018).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kircaburun et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Shen & Ran, 2018
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Deficient Self-regulation Model (Tokunaga & Rains, 2010) states that individuals with insufficient self-regulation and self-control may be unable to restrain their inner craving to use mobile phones (e.g., escape motivation), which may lead to an uncontrolled increase in mobile phone use time, eventually leading to PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tokunaga & Rains, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All students, their parents, and teachers gave their informed consent.”
- Also stated in: § Participants and procedures · plain
“All participants were volunteers and could withdraw from the study at any time.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Participants and procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Participants and procedures · plain
In the paper
“according to the I-PACE, motivation as an internal trigger can influence problematic and addictive behaviors (Brand et al., 2019).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brand et al., 2019 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Human Investigations Committee of Southwest University approved the study.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Participants and procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High levels of self-control were negatively associated with PMPU (Khang et al., 2012, Kim et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2018), while lower levels of self-control were a main pathway leading to PMPU (Billieux, 2012, Billieux et al., 2015).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“self-control is a protective factor of adolescent PMPU (Niu et al., 2020), and adolescents with low levels of self-control are more likely to develop problematic Internet use (Park et al., 2014).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies showed that highly self-controlled individuals were more effective than impulsive individuals in regulating their problematic behaviors (Gao, Liu, Gao, & Li, 2020) and reducing the occurrence of PMPU (Duckworth, 2011).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gao, Liu, Gao, & Li, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Duckworth, 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The stimulation hypothesis (Kerkhof, Finkenauer, & Muusses, 2011) states that mobile phone users rely on instant messaging applications to establish online social relationships with others, which can increase social channels, improve friendship quality, and reduce negative feelings such as loneliness.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kerkhof, Finkenauer, & Muusses, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the face of temptation, the impulse system may produce a positive approach to temptation, while the self-control system can reject temptation through thoughtful consideration and standards.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the I-PACE (Brand et al., 2019), in the process of problematic behaviors (e.g., PMPU), the associations between craving (e.g., escape motivation) and diminished inhibitory control (e.g., self-control) contribute to developing habitual behaviors.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Self-control as a potential moderator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brand et al., 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Self-control was measured using the Chinese version (Xie, Wang, Tao, Fan, & Gao, 2014) of the Dual-Mode of Self-Control Scale (DMSC-S) by Dvorak and Simons (2009).”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s α was 0.87 for the whole scale and 0.86 each for the impulse and self-control subscales.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xie, Wang, Tao, Fan, & Gao, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Dvorak and Simons, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
In the paper
“Burglass (1985) stated that the main motivations of addictive behavior (e.g., PMPU) are to reduce pain, anxiety, and other negative emotions (e.g., loneliness), in other words, to escape.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burglass, 1985 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“reduced interaction with others in the real world and offline can increase people’s loneliness and thus increase their evasive tendencies (Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Shen and Wang (2019) found a positive association between loneliness and escape motivation among college students.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Introduction > Escape motivation as a potential mediator
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shen and Wang, 2019
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Loneliness was measured by a validated Chinese version of the UCLA loneliness self-report scale (Liu & Wang, 2012) compiled by Russell (1996).”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s α was 0.90.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu & Wang, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Russell, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Six items on escape motivation were drawn from Motivations for Smartphone Use adapted by Kim (2017) from Leung and Wei (2000).”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s α was 0.82.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim, 2017 source
- Not checked yetcites Leung and Wei, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the results verified the I-PACE model (Brand et al., 2019, Brand et al., 2016); that is, loneliness may influence one’s decision to use the Internet for gratification, which will in turn influence PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Relationship between loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescents with low self-control may be unable to resist the temptation of mobile phones and eventually show a tendency toward PMPU (Khang et al., 2012, Wilson et al., 2010).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results are similar to those of previous studies, which showed that individuals with high levels of self-control were less likely to escape the real world by immersing themselves in a virtual world and thus less likely to use their mobile phones indiscriminately (Li et al., 2016).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Human Investigations Committee of Southwest University approved this research.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Compliance with Ethical Standards > Ethical Approval
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the participants, 38 did not complete the surveys, and 22 answered all questions with the same response (i.e., they selected the same number) and were excluded from the analysis. Thus, the final sample included 1034 participants (valid response rate: 94.52%)”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Participants and procedures
plainn = 1,034- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“With COVID-19, because of the need to prevent furthering the epidemic (Killgore et al., 2020), adolescents have fewer opportunities for outdoor activities; hence, mobile phone applications may be one of their main approaches to temporarily reducing inner emptiness and loneliness.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Relationship between loneliness and PMPU
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Killgore et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, by the time we collected the data, COVID-19 was mostly under control in China, and some students had returned to school; therefore, these data may differ from other regional data during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Limitations, implications, and future directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the one hand, the main motivation for addictive behavior is to reduce negative emotions by escaping (Burglass, 1985).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burglass, 1985 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PMPU was evaluated via the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008).”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s α was 0.88.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leung, 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“especially for adolescents, because of COVID-19, middle and high school students cannot go to school or communicate in person with their classmates, which may make them feel lonelier (Bu et al., 2020, Killgore et al., 2020).”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The mediating role of escape motivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bu et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Killgore et al., 2020
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As mentioned, the impulse system may be positively associated with problematic behaviors (Hofmann et al., 2009, Li and Huang, 2012), making it more likely to lead to PMPU.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > The moderating role of self-control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites Li and Huang, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, escape motivation was the only motivational factor considered in the study; no relationships between other motivational factors and PMPU were evaluated.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Limitations, implications, and future directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, response bias may exist in self-reporting, although we took measures to reduce adolescents’ worries about participating, such as giving them clear instructions, telling them there were no right or wrong answers to the questions, and emphasizing the confidentiality of the results.”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Discussion > Limitations, implications, and future directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Loneliness precedes escape motivation and problematic mobile phone use in time, as required for the mediation model.
“we used the PROCESS macro for SPSS (model 4) to examine the mediating effects of escape motivation in the relationship between loneliness and PMPU.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships among loneliness, escape motivation, and problematic mobile phone use beyond gender.
“using gender as a covariate”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of adolescents from three high schools in Sichuan and Chongqing is representative of Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“We recruited 1034 adolescents (mean age 15.76 ± 1.20 years) from China.”
“from three high schools in Sichuan and Chongqing, China”
The paper relies on this without support.
The underlying mechanisms and the relationship between loneliness and problematic mobile phone use in adolescents have rarely been studied.
“Previous studies have focused mainly on the direct relationship between loneliness and PMPU in college students, but the underlying mechanisms (e.g., how loneliness is associated with PMPU) and the relationship between loneliness and PMPU in adolescents have rarely been studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationship between escape motivation, self-control, and problematic mobile phone use is the same during the COVID-19 pandemic and in normal life before it.
“Thus, whether it's during the COVID-19 pandemic or in normal life before it, self-control could alleviate the influences of escape motivation on PMPU.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional associations reflect the hypothesized temporal sequence in which loneliness precedes escape motivation, which precedes problematic mobile phone use.
“Escape motivation fully, rather than partially mediated the effects of loneliness on PMPU.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample is representative of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Loneliness was significantly and positively associated with PMPU during the COVID-19 pandemic, thus supporting H1.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Two studies found significant positive associations between loneliness and technology-based pathologies including mobile addiction [45], social media disorder [42], excessive game addiction, and pathological game addiction [59], although these latter two associations varied by children versus adolescents.”
From Loneliness and Well-Being in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [59]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Escape motivation → problematic mobile phone use | 0.44 | 0.03 | 18.47*** | (0.39, 0.49) |”
§ Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control > Results > Mediating role of escape motivation
Reported 18.47 · recomputed 14.666667
Citations
Cites
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High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x · Cited by 6,557
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
Russell, D. W. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 · Cited by 5,800
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059 · Cited by 2,519
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033 · Cited by 2,416
Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032 · Cited by 2,126
Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x · Cited by 1,487
Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students
Morahan-Martin, J. M., & Schumacher, P. (2000) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(99)00049-7 · Cited by 1,358
Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y · Cited by 1,205
Tull, M. T., Edmonds, K. A., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113098 · Cited by 922
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Cui, 2015, Relationship between mobile phone dependence, self-esteem and loneliness in college students, China Journal of Health Psychology. In Chinese., 23, 1193
- Gao, 2020, The relationship between college students' sense of emptiness and mobile phone dependence: The mediating effect of self-control, Chinese Journal of Health Psychology. In Chinese., 28, 1548
- Li, Q., & Huang, X. T. (2012). Self-control: Connotation, mechanism and prospect. Journal of Southwest University (Social Science edition). In Chinese., 38(2), 41-52+173. 10.13718/j.cnki.xdsk.2012.02.022. · DOI
- Liu, 2012, Mobile phone addiction and loneliness of college students, Chinese Mental Health Journal. In Chinese., 26, 66
- Liu, H., & Yu, H. L. (2011). The Relationship among University Students’ Mobile Phone Addiction and Mobile Phone Motive. Psychological Science. In Chinese., 34(6), 1453-1457. 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.2011.06.01. · DOI
- Shen, 2018, The relationship between social anxiety and smartphone overuse: Mediating effects of loneliness and motivation, Psychological Research. In Chinese., 11, 570
- Xie, 2014, The validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Adolescent Dual-Mode of Self-Control Scale, Chinese Mental Health Journal. In Chinese., 28, 386
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Geng, J., Lei, L., Ouyang, M., Nie, J., & Wang, P. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106995 · Cited by 157
Farrell, A. H., Vitoroulis, I., Eriksson, M., & Vaillancourt, T. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10020279 · Cited by 130
Peng, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, B., Mao, H., Hu, R.-T., & Jiang, H. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111222 · Cited by 111
Li, X., Feng, X.-C., Xiao, W., & Zhou, H. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s315879 · Cited by 95
Ding, Y., Wan, X., Lu, G., Huang, H., Liang, Y., Yu, J., & Chen, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029323 · Cited by 108
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, J., Zhan, D., Zhou, Y., & Gao, X.
- Affiliations
- Southwest University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Xuemei
- Venue
- Addictive Behaviors
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 118
- Pages
- 106857
- ISSN
- 0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8598166
- OpenAlex
- W3128920942
- Semantic Scholar
- 00475e8e967a09a8f5195240aad871ff4010fee6
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 16
- FWCI
- 43.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (cstc2018jcyjAX0480)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWU1909226)
- National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences (19BSH112)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- loneliness, problematic mobile phone use, adolescents, COVID-19 pandemic, escape motivation, self-control, mediation, moderation, Chinese adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Cell Phone Use, COVID-19, Adolescent, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Loneliness, Motivation, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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