The development of loneliness from mid‐ to late adolescence: Trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning
Abstract
Although loneliness is a common problem across late adolescence, its developmental course has not been investigated in depth in this period of life. The present study aims to fill this gap by means of a five‐wave cohort‐sequential longitudinal study spanning ages 15 to 20 (N = 389). Both variable‐centered (i.e., latent growth curve modeling) and person‐centered (i.e., latent class growth analysis) approaches were used. Variable‐centered analyses showed that loneliness generally decreased over time. Person‐centered analyses pointed to considerable inter‐individual differences in the development of loneliness, and identified five trajectory classes (i.e., stable low, low increasing, moderate decreasing, high increasing, and chronically high). These five trajectory classes were differentially related to personality traits at age 15 (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability) and psychosocial functioning at age 20 (i.e., depressive symptoms, self‐esteem, anxiety, and perceived stress). These findings underscore the additional value of studying subgroups regarding the development of loneliness.
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One study found a small association between panic and loneliness (r = 0.13).
“One study found a small association between panic and loneliness (r = 0.13).75 , 76”
From Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 (2020) · cites this paper as [75]
Existing research has mostly examined the predictive role of adolescents' psychological or sociodemographic characteristics for loneliness trajectories.
“Existing research has mostly examined the predictive role of adolescents’ psychological or sociodemographic characteristics [9–13].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
The consistently high loneliness trajectory has been associated with various adverse health consequences in prior studies.
“In those studies, the consistently high loneliness trajectory was associated with various adverse health consequences [9, 10, 12, 13], indicating the importance of identifying predictors of chronic loneliness across adolescence.”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
The four trajectory patterns identified in this study echoed previous studies, where four to five distinct adolescent loneliness trajectories were observed.
“The four trajectory patterns identified in our study echoed previous studies, where four to five distinct adolescent loneliness trajectories were observed [9, 11–13].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
In this study, the proportion of adolescents experiencing chronic loneliness (0.8%) was smaller than that reported in previous studies (ranging from 3 to 22%).
“In our study, the proportion of adolescents experiencing chronic loneliness (0.8%) was smaller than that reported in previous studies (ranging from 3 to 22%) [9, 11–13].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Despite differences in proportion rates, the patterns identified based on a single-item measure of loneliness reflected existing evidence from Western Europe and North America, where multi-item indicators of loneliness were used.
“Despite the differences in the proportion rate of each trajectory, the patterns identified based on a single-item measure of loneliness reflected existing evidence from Western Europe and North America, where multi-item indicators of loneliness were used [9, 11–13].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Studies on the longitudinal patterns of adolescent loneliness have identified several distinct trajectories, including consistently low and consistently high.
“Studies on the longitudinal patterns of adolescent loneliness have identified several distinct trajectories, including consistently low and consistently high [9–13].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Vanhalst, J., Goossens, L., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R. H. J., & Engels, R. C. M. E.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Vanhalst, Janne
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescence
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-05-03
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1305-1312
- ISSN
- 0140-1971 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9254
- OpenAlex
- W2110380654
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- loneliness, late adolescence, developmental trajectories, trajectory classes, personality traits, extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, anxiety, perceived stress, psychosocial functioning, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Theoretical, Netherlands, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult
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