Loneliness and social anxiety across childhood and adolescence: Multilevel meta-analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations.

Maes, Marlies; Nelemans, Stefanie A.; Danneel, Sofie; Fernández-Castilla, Belén; Van den Noortgate, Wim; Goossens, Luc; Vanhalst, Janne

doi:10.1037/dev0000719

Cited by 207Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

Loneliness and social anxiety across childhood and adolescence: Multilevel meta-analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations.

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Maes, Marlies, Nelemans, Stefanie A., Danneel, Sofie, Fernández-Castilla, Belén, Van den Noortgate, Wim, Goossens, Luc, Vanhalst, Janne·2019·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/dev0000719

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Abstract

Social relationships are of vital importance for children's and adolescents' development, and disruptions in these relationships can have serious implications. Such disruptions play a central role in both loneliness and social anxiety. Although both phenomena are closely related, they have largely been studied separately, and important questions have remained unanswered concerning how both go together within and across time. Multilevel meta-analyses were performed on 102 cross-sectional studies, published between 1981 and 2016, including 41,776 participants (39% males) with a mean age of 15.59 years. Longitudinal associations were examined in 10 studies, including 3,995 participants (46% males), using a novel technique that enables the examination of such associations even when these were not reported in the original empirical studies. Results indicated a strong, positive cross-sectional association between loneliness and social anxiety symptoms. This associations did not systematically differ in strength across childhood and adolescence. Moreover, results showed that loneliness and social anxiety symptoms were reciprocally associated over time. To conclude, loneliness and social anxiety symptoms are positively associated both within and across time, and across childhood and adolescence. Breaking this vicious cycle is of great importance, as both phenomena may be associated with profound problems in multiple domains of youth development. Moreover, failing to pay attention to both loneliness and social anxiety symptoms might substantially reduce the effectiveness of intervention programs focusing on either of the two. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

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Maes et al. found a positive association between loneliness and social anxiety symptoms across childhood and adolescence.
“Moreover, a multilevel meta-analysis by Maes et al. [74] found a positive association between loneliness and social anxiety symptoms across childhood and adolescence.”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [74]

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A longitudinal study of rejecting and autonomy-restrictive parenting, rejection sensitivity, and socioemotional symptoms in early adolescents
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The expressive and conversational affordances of mobile messaging
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Social information processing in adolescents with chronic pain: My friends don’t really understand me
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Heterogeneity in development of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms in an 8-year longitudinal community study
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Loneliness and Attitudes Toward Aloneness in Adolescence: A Person-Centered Approach
Maes, M., Vanhalst, J., Spithoven, A. W. M., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Goossens, L. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0354-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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Classroom goal structures, social achievement goals, and adjustment in middle school
Shim, S. S., Cho, Y., & Wang, C. (2012) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.05.008 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Internet Use and Well-Being Among College Students: Beyond Frequency of Use
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Parental and Peer Factors Associated with Body Image Discrepancy among Fifth-Grade Boys and Girls
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Correlates of loneliness in midadolescence
Inderbitzen, H. M., Clark, M. L., & Solano, C. H. (1992) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537334 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Personality and interpersonal predictors of loneliness in two cultures.
Jones, W. H., Carpenter, B. N., & Quintana, D. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1503 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Moving Away or Fitting In?: Understanding Shyness in Chinese Children
Xu, Y., Farver, J. M., Chang, L., Zhang, Z., & Yu, L. (2007) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2008.0005 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mediators and Moderators of Outcome in the Behavioral Treatment of Childhood Social Phobia
Alfano, C. A., Piña, A., Villalta, I. K., Beidel, D. C., Ammerman, R. T., & Crosby, L. E. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181af8216 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Academic and social achievement goals and early adolescents' adjustment: A latent class approach
Shim, S. S., & Finch, W. H. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.10.015 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Relational victimization: The association between recalled adolescent social experiences and emotional adjustment in early adulthood
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Loneliness and Shyness in Adolescent Problematic Internet Users: The Role of Social Anxiety
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Loneliness in Childhood
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Social anxiety disorder in review: two decades of progress
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Romantic Relational Aggression: What about Gender?
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The Role of Individual and Social Factors in Classroom Loneliness
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Age and Gender Differences In and Personality Correlates of Loneliness in Different Relationships
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Protective self-presentation, sources of socialization, and loneliness among Australian adolescents and young adults
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Are Social Anxiety and Loneliness Best Conceptualized as a Unitary Trait?
Fung, K., Paterson, D., & Alden, L. E. (2017) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2017.36.4.335 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Psychosocial and Friendship Characteristics of Bully/Victim Subgroups in Korean Primary School Children
Shin, Y.-L. (2010) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034310377296 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
PEER CONFLICT AVOIDANCE: ASSOCIATIONS WITH LONELINESS, SOCIAL ANXIETY, AND SOCIAL AVOIDANCE
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Perceived behavioral atypicality as a predictor of social rejection and peer victimization: Implications for emotional adjustment and academic achievement
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Girls' and Mothers' Social Anxiety, Social Skills, and Loneliness: Associations After Accounting for Depressive Symptoms
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Cognitive Biases and the Link Between Shyness and Social Anxiety in Early Adolescence
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Shyness mindset: Applying mindset theory to the domain of inhibited social behavior
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Peer victimization among children and adolescents with anxiety disorders
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The Teasing Questionnaire—Revised: measurement of childhood teasing in adults
Strawser, M. S., Storch, E. A., & Roberti, J. W. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.09.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Examination Predicting Emergency Room Use in Children with Sickle Cell Disease and Their Caregivers
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Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Examining Their Distinctiveness Through Factor Analysis
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Social-Emotional Functioning of Elementary-Age Deaf Children: A Profile Analysis
Vogel-Walcutt, J. J., Schatschneider, C. W., & Bowers, C. A. (2011) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2011.0017 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Examination of Identity and Romantic Relationship Intimacy Associations with Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood
Johnson, H. D., Kent, A., & Yale, E. (2012) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2012.716381 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Social-psychological correlates of peer victimization in children with endocrine disorders
Storch, E. A., Lewin, A. B., Silverstein, J. H., Heidgerken, A. D., Strawser, M. S., Baumeister, A. L., & Geffken, G. R. (2004) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.08.025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Differentiating parent- and peer-related interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in preadolescent girls
Hutcherson, S. T., & Epkins, C. C. (2009) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407509345654 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Close relationships and attributions for peer victimization among late adolescents
Chen, X., & Graham, S. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.06.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Role of Age and Social Motivation in Developmental Transitions in Young and Old Adulthood
Nikitin, J., Burgermeister, L. C., & Freund, A. (2012) · Front. Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00366 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Social Thoughts and Beliefs Scale: Psychometric Properties and its Relation with Interpersonal Functioning in a Non-Clinical Sample
Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., Kim, H.-S., & Stephenson, K. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9214-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
To Befriend or Not: Naturally Developing Friendships Amongst a Clinical Group of Adolescents with Chronic Pain
Forgeron, P. A., Chorney, J. M. L., Carlson, T. E., Dick, B. D., & Plante, E. (2015) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2015.04.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Broader Autism Phenotype, Social Interaction Anxiety, and Loneliness: Implications for Social Functioning
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Gender differences in the relationship between attentional bias to threat and social anxiety in adolescents
Zhao, X., Zhang, P., Chen, L., & Zhou, R. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.023 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
CATEGORICAL AND CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SEX-ROLE ORIENTATION: DIFFERENCES IN ASSOCIATIONS WITH YOUNG ADULTS'REPORTS OF WELL-BEING
Johnson, H. D., McNair, R., Vojick, A., Congdon, D., Monacelli, J., & Lamont, J. (2006) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2006.34.1.59 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Friendship Expectations and Children's Friendship-Related Behavior and Adjustment
MacEvoy, Papadakis, Fedigan, & Ash (2015) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.62.1.0074 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Exploring the Association Between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Loneliness: Consideration of Specificity and Gender
Timpano, K. R., Çek, D., Rubenstein, L. M., Murphy, D. L., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.28.4.264 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Girls' cognitions of hypothetical friends: Are they related to depression, loneliness, social anxiety and perceived similarity?
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Parental Stress and Maladjustment in Children with Short Stature
Preston, A. S., Storch, E. A., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., Baumeister, A. L., Strawser, M. S., & Silverstein, J. H. (2005) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/000992280504400407 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Psychosocial Adjustment in Early Adulthood: The Role of Childhood Teasing and Father Support
Storch, E. A., Bravata, E. A., Storch, J. B., Johnson, J. H., Roth, D. A., & Roberti, J. W. (2003) · Child study journal · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sociometric status of young adults: Behavioural correlates, and cognitive-motivational antecedents and consequences
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Someone to Lean on: Assessment and Implications of Social Surrogate Use in Childhood
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Prospective study of peer victimization and social-psychological adjustment in children with endocrine disorders
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A SHORT-FORM MEASURE OF LONELINESS AMONG SECOND-GENERATION MIGRANTS
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Eating Psychopathology in Athletes and Nonathletes: The Effect of Situational and Dispositional Interpersonal Difficulties
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Social Anxiety in University Students
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Aspects of Girls’ Friendships: Practice Implications for Internalizing Problems
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The Effect of Loneliness on Distinct Health Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis
Park, C., Majeed, A., Gill, H., Tamura, J., Ho, R. C., Mansur, R. B., Nasri, F., Lee, Y., Rosenblat, J. D., Wong, E., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113514 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Social Connection as a Public Health Issue: The Evidence and a Systemic Framework for Prioritizing the “Social” in Social Determinants of Health
Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2022) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-110732 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Social anxiety as a moderator in consumer willingness to accept AI assistants based on utilitarian and hedonic values
Yuan, C., Zhang, C., & Wang, S. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102878 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of longitudinal peer influence effects in childhood and adolescence.
Giletta, M., Choukas‐Bradley, S., Maes, M., Linthicum, K. P., Card, N. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000329 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
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Brain-body interactions underlying the association of loneliness with mental and physical health
Quadt, L., Esposito, G., Critchley, H., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.015 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Toward an Integrated Model of Supportive Peer Relationships in Early Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis
Mitić, M., Woodcock, K. A., Amering, M., Krammer, I., Stiehl, K. A. M., Zehetmayer, S., & Schrank, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589403 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Potential impact of physical distancing on physical and mental health: a rapid narrative umbrella review of meta-analyses on the link between social connection and health
Nexhmedin Morina, B., Kip, A., Hoppen, T. H., Priebe, S., & Meyer, T. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042335 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Role of Affective Teacher–Student Relationships in Bullying and Peer Victimization: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis
ten Bokkel, I. M., Roorda, D. L., Maes, M., Verschueren, K., & Colpin, H. (2022) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2022.2029218 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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Loneliness, Social Anxiety Symptoms, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Longitudinal Distinctiveness and Correlated Change
Danneel, S., Geukens, F., Maes, M., Bastin, M., Bijttebier, P., Colpin, H., Verschueren, K., & Goossens, L. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01315-w · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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Smartphone App to Address Loneliness Among College Students: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Hook, C. J., Pfeifer, J. H., FitzGerald, C., Davis, B., Delucchi, K. L., Haritatos, J., & Ramo, D. E. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/21496 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The relationship between resilience and loneliness elucidated by a Danish version of the resilience scale for adults
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The Association Between Child Maltreatment and Loneliness Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis
de Heer, C., Bi, S.-S., Finkenauer, C., Alink, L., & Maes, M. (2022) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595221103420 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Loneliness During the School Years: How It Affects Learning and How Schools Can Help*
Jefferson, R., Barreto, M., Verity, L., & Qualter, P. (2023) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13306 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Characterizing the mechanisms of social connection
Delgado, M. R., Fareri, D. S., & Chang, L. J. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.012 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Selective Mutism and Its Relations to Social Anxiety Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Therapist-Guided Internet-Based Treatments for Loneliness: A Randomized Controlled Three-Arm Trial Comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Käll, A., Bäck, M., Welin, C., Åman, H., Bjerkander, R., Wänman, M., Lindegaard, T., Berg, M., Moche, H., Shafran, R., et al. (2021) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000516989 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Loneliness as an active ingredient in preventing or alleviating youth anxiety and depression: a critical interpretative synthesis incorporating principles from rapid realist reviews
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Childhood loneliness as a specific risk factor for adult psychiatric disorders
Xerxa, Y., Rescorla, L. A., Shanahan, L., Tiemeier, H., & Copeland, W. E. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001422 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Breaking the vicious cycle: The interplay between loneliness, metabolic illness, and mental health
Ahmed, M., Cerda, I. H., & Maloof, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134865 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Emotions in social anxiety disorder: A review
Rozen, N., & Aderka, I. M. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102696 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adolescents’ and young adults’ experiences of loneliness and their thoughts about its alleviation
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Treating childhood social anxiety disorder with virtual environments and serious games: a randomized trial
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Teacher support and the social classroom environment as predictors of student loneliness
Morin, A. H. (2020) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-020-09600-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Positive attitudes and negative expectations in lonely individuals
Bellucci, G. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75712-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of longitudinal peer influence effects in childhood and adolescence.Preprint
Giletta, M., Choukas-Bradley, S., Maes, M., Linthicum, K. P., Card, N. A., & Prinstein, M. (2021) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j6cdz · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the relationship of psychological factors and adoption readiness in determining university teachers’ attitude on AI-based assessment systems
Shahid, M. K., Zia, T., Liu, B.-F., Iqbal, Z., & Ahmad, F. (2024) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100967 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Predicting Loneliness from Where and What People Do
MacDonald, K. B., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Schermer, J. A. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9040051 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Causes of involuntary loneliness among adolescents and young adults: an integrative review
Korzhina, Y., Hemberg, J. A. V., Nyman-Kurkiala, P., & Fagerström, L. (2022) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2022.2150088 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Influence of social anxiety and emotional self‐efficacy on pre‐transition concerns, social threat sensitivity, and social adaptation to secondary school
Nowland, R. A., & Qualter, P. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12276 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Social anxiety and loneliness among older adults: a moderated mediation model
Sun, S., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Lu, J., Li, H., Zhu, J., Qian, S., Zhu, L., & Xu, H. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17795-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Behavioral and Neural Dissociation of Social Anxiety and Loneliness
Lieberz, J., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., Saporta, N., Kanterman, A., Gorni, J., Eßer, T., Kuskova, E., Schultz, J., Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2029-21.2022 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Trajectories of Loneliness and Psychosocial Functioning
Hutten, E., Jongen, E. M. M., Verboon, P., Bos, A. E. R., Smeekens, S., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689913 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The longitudinal relationship between loneliness and both social anxiety and mobile phone addiction among rural left‐behind children: A cross‐lagged panel analysis
Wu, D., Liu, M., Li, D., & Yin, H. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12309 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The positive and negative emotion functions related to loneliness: a systematic review of behavioural and neuroimaging studies
Luo, Q., & Shao, R. (2023) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkad029 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Human vs. AI: Exploring students’ preferences between human and AI TA and the effect of social anxiety and problem complexity
Peng, Z., & Wan, Y. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-12374-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Social Anxiety Status of Left-Behind Children in Rural Areas of Hunan Province and its Relationship with Loneliness
Li, M., Ren, Y., & Sun, H. B. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01045-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Movement Behaviors and Perceived Loneliness and Sadness within Alaskan Adolescents
Burns, R. D., Bai, Y., Pfledderer, C. D., Brusseau, T. A., & Byun, W. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186866 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Testing the bottom-up and top-down models of self-esteem: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
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Loneliness and social anxiety in the general population over time – results of a cross-lagged panel analysis
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Chen, J., Wang, Q., Liang, Y., Chen, B., & Ren, P. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116195 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Examining the reciprocal link between social anxiety and social relationships spanning from childhood to adulthood: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studiesPreprint
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Bidirectional Relations Between Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents: A Cross-Lagged Panel Network Analysis
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Authors: Maes, M., Nelemans, S. A., Danneel, S., Fernández-Castilla, B., Van den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., & Vanhalst, J.
Affiliations: KU Leuven (BE)
Utrecht University (NL)
Ghent University (BE)
ORCID: Maes, Marlies
Nelemans, Stefanie A.
Van den Noortgate, Wim
Goossens, Luc
Vanhalst, Janne
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2019-07
Volume: 55
Issue: 7
Pages: 1548-1565
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/dev0000719
OpenAlex: W2924438810
Cited by: 207
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 3
FWCI: 19.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
lirias.kuleuven.be
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords: loneliness, social anxiety, childhood, adolescence, bidirectional relationship, interpersonal relationships, youth development, longitudinal associations, cross-sectional association
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Multilevel Analysis

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Loneliness and social anxiety across childhood and adolescence: Multilevel meta-analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations.

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