Cited by 142Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

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Cardiovascular disease, its risk factors and treatment and age-related macular degeneration: Women's Health Initiative Sight Exam ancillary Study

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Klein, Ronald, Deng, Yingzi, Klein, Barbara E.K., Hyman, Leslie, Seddon, Johanna, Frank, Robert N., Wallace, Robert B., Hendrix, Susan L., Kuppermann, Baruch D., Langer, Robert D., Kuller, Lewis, Brunner, Robert, Johnson, Karen C., Thomas, Asha M., Haan, Mary·2007·American Journal of Ophthalmology

DOI 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.11.058PMC PMC2812860

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Abstract

Purpose To examine the association of cardiovascular disease (CVD), CVD risk factors, and CVD treatment with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Design Observational analysis of a randomized clinical trial.Methods Settings The Women's Health Initiative Sight Examination (WHISE), an ancillary study to the Women's Health Initiative's clinical trial of hormone replacement therapy.Study population A total of 4,288 women age 63 years and older.Observation procedures Information on CVD and its risk factors were obtained from a standardized questionnaire and examination.Main outcome measure AMD as determined by standardized grading of fundus photographs.Results Prevalence of any AMD was 21.4% (n = 919). Of those with AMD, 5.8% (n = 53) had signs of exudative AMD (n = 39) or pure geographic atrophy (n = 14), limiting the power to examine associations. Significant associations between late AMD and CVD risk factors were (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]) older age (1.19, 1.13 to 1.27, P < .0001), more pack years smoked (1.02 per pack-year smoked, 1.003 to 1.03, P = .01), systolic blood pressure (0.84 per 10 mm Hg, 0.71 to 0.995, P = .04), report of taking calcium channel blockers (2.49, 1.21 to 5.12, P = .04), self-reported history of diabetes (2.00, 1.01 to 3.96, P = .05), and greater body mass index (1.05 per 1 kg/m, 1.001 to 1.10, P = .05). History of myocardial infarction, stroke, use of statins, or white blood cell count was not associated with AMD.Conclusions Results suggest that smoking, use of calcium channel blockers, diabetes, and obesity are risk factors for late AMD in women. However, the association of late AMD with systolic blood pressure and the effects of other CVD risk factors on early AMD need to be further explored.

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“The Barbados Eye Study 10 and Women’s Health Initiative Study 11 reported that DM is associated with an increased risk of late AMD.”
Épidémiologie de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge
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Epidemiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration
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Association between Cataract Surgery and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Association between Visual Acuity and Medical and Non-Medical Costs in Patients with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration in France, Germany and Italy
Bandello, F., Augustin, A., Sahel, J.-A., Benhaddi, H., Negrini, C., Hieke, K., & Berdeaux (2008) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200825030-00007 · Cited by 19
The Need for Artificial Intelligence Based Risk Factor Analysis for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review
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“Women’s Health Initiative Sight Exam ancillary study [33] Ancillary United States 0 63 years and older.”
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Circulating markers of arterial thrombosis and late-stage age-related macular degeneration: a case–control study
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ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AND EARLY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION IN A RURAL CHINESE ADULT POPULATION
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“Reports in the literature are conflicting about an association of hypertension and early AMD and its specific lesions.(11,14,15) It should be noted that, in this study, we did not perform adjustments for multiple testing.”
Background
Hypertension, antihypertensive medications use and risk of age-related macular degeneration in California Teachers Cohort
Xu, X., Ritz, B. R., Coleman, A. L., Liew, Z., Deapen, D., Lee, E., Bernstein, L., Pinder, R., Marshall, S. F., & Heck, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-019-0269-9 · Cited by 18
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“They also pointed out a similar trend from the WHISE and BMES reports as well.”
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Identifying subtypes of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration by genotypic and cardiovascular risk characteristics
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“A recent study from the Women’s Health Initiative (61) has demonstrated that high CV risk is associated with advanced AMD, with smoking, high BMI and hypertension being particularly important.”
Modifiable Lifestyle Risk Factors and Strategies for Slowing the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Saigal, K., Salama, J., Pardo, A. A., Lopez, S. E., & Gregori, N. Z. (2025) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision9010016 · Cited by 18
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Background
Retinal Vascular Caliber, Iris Color, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Irish Nun Eye Study
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“Retinal pigment epithelial cells require L-type Ca2 channels to properly generate a light peak, and mutations in the gene responsible for Best’s disease, another macular degenerative disorder, affect L-type channel activation kinetics and voltage dependence.41 Furthermore, use of calcium channel blockers was weakly as…”
Background
An epidemiological investigation of age-related macular degeneration in aged population in China: the Hainan study
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Background
Associations between seven-year C-reactive protein trajectory or pack-years smoked with choroidal or retinal thicknesses in young adults
Lee, S. S., Beales, D. J., Chen, F. K., Yazar, S., Alonso‐Caneiro, D., & Mackey, D. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85626-3 · Cited by 9
Efficacy of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Systemic Cardiovascular Risk Factors
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The ‘Displacing Foods of Modern Commerce’ Are the Primary and Proximate Cause of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Unifying Singular Hypothesis
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Authors: Klein, R., Deng, Y., Klein, B. E. K., Hyman, L., Seddon, J., Frank, R. N., Wallace, R. B., Hendrix, S. L., Kuppermann, B. D., Langer, R. D., Kuller, L., Brunner, R., Johnson, K. C., Thomas, A. M., & Haan, M.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Stony Brook University (US)
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (US)
Wayne State University (US)
University of Iowa (US)
University of California, Irvine (US)
Geisinger Medical Center (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
University of Nevada, Reno (US)
University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
MedStar Health Research Institute (US)
ORCID: Hyman, Leslie
Seddon, Johanna
Frank, Robert N.
Wallace, Robert B.
Kuller, Lewis
Brunner, Robert
Johnson, Karen C.
Thomas, Asha M.
Haan, Mary
Venue: American Journal of Ophthalmology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-03
Volume: 143
Issue: 3
Pages: 473-483.e2
ISSN: 0002-9394 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.11.058
PMC: PMC2812860
OpenAlex: W1994945285
Cited by: 142
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 12.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01wh22110-38-0-0, N01 WH022110)
National Eye Institute (R01EY011309)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords: age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, calcium channel blockers, smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, exudative AMD, geographic atrophy, late AMD, women's health
MeSH terms: Aged, Calcium Channel Blockers, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Body Mass Index, Women's Health, Diabetes Complications

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Cardiovascular disease, its risk factors and treatment and age-related macular degeneration: Women's Health Initiative Sight Exam ancillary Study

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