CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 238Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Long-term Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Tan, Jennifer S.L., Mitchell, Paul, Smith, Wayne, Wang, Jie Jin·2007·Ophthalmology
DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.09.033
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose To assess the relationship between cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors, other than smoking, and risk of long-term incident age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Design Population-based cohort study.Participants There were 3654 baseline (1992-1994) participants aged > or = 49 years included in the Blue Mountains region, west of Sydney, Australia. Of these, 2335 (75% of survivors) were reexamined after 5 years (1997-1999) and 1952 (76% of survivors) after 10 years (2002-2004).Methods Stereoscopic color fundus photographs were graded using the Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System. History, physical examination, and fasting blood samples provided data on possible risk factors. Age-related macular degeneration incidence was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier survival approach. Discrete linear logistic models were used to assess risk of incident AMD. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, and other risk factors.Main outcome measure Incident early and late AMD.Results Increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was inversely related to incident late AMD (RR per standard deviation [SD] increase, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.99). Elevated total/HDL cholesterol ratio predicted late AMD (RR per SD increase, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07-1.70) and geographic atrophy (GA; RR per SD, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.18-2.25). Diabetes predicted incident GA (RR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.36-11.08), but not neovascular AMD. History of stroke (RR 2.01; 95% CI, 1.12-3.58), or any cardiovascular disease (stroke, myocardial infarction, or angina; RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.13-2.16) predicted incident early AMD and incident indistinct soft or reticular drusen (RR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.33-4.27 for stroke; RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.28-2.52 for any cardiovascular disease). Neither pulse pressure, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or presence of hypertension at baseline were associated with incident AMD.Conclusions Our findings provide some evidence of links between cardiovascular risk factors and AMD. Further prospective evaluation of these relationships is warranted, as these findings could have therapeutic implications.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.09.033

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Tan, J. S. L., Mitchell, P., Smith, W., & Wang, J. J.
Affiliations
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
Corresponding author
Wang, Jie Jin
ORCID
Venue
Ophthalmology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-06
Volume
114
Issue
6
Pages
1143-1150
ISSN
0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.09.033
OpenAlex
W168181582
Cited by
238
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
FWCI
15.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease, HDL cholesterol, TC/HDL-C ratio, geographic atrophy, diabetes mellitus, stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, drusen, neovascular AMD, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, hypertension
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, New South Wales, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Survivors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review