The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults. Effective management requires a multifaceted approach to control acute attacks, manage progressive worsening, and remediate bothersome or disabling symptoms associated with this illness. Remarkable advances in treatment of all forms of MS, and especially for relapsing disease, have favorably changed the long-term outlook for many patients. There also has been a conceptual shift in understanding the immune pathology of MS, away from a purely T-cell-mediated model to recognition that B cells have a key role in pathogenesis. The emergence of higher-efficacy drugs requiring less frequent administration have made these preferred options in terms of tolerability and adherence. Many experts now recommend use of these as first-line treatment for many patients with early disease, before permanent disability is evident.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It may also partly explain why immunosuppressive therapies have thus far had little or no effect on disability accumulation in progressive MS trials4.”
From Locus for severity implicates CNS resilience in progression of multiple sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While disease-modifying therapies have significantly improved prognosis for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), effective treatments for the progressive, neurodegenerative phase are lacking.”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Most DMTs are approved for treatment of relapsing MS (RMS) [17], a smaller number have shown benefit in some SPMS populations [19, 22, 23], but only one DMT has shown efficacy for treatment of PPMS, underlining the unmet need of treatment options for these patients [20] (Table 2).”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“For example, IFN-γ has been proposed to play both stimulatory and suppressive roles in cancer, and type I IFNs are used both as an immunosuppressant to treat multiple sclerosis and as immunostimulatory adjuvant treatments for cancer (for example melanoma) and chronic viral infection (for example HCV)48–50.”
From Causal identification of single-cell experimental perturbation effects with CINEMA-OT (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria
Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., Correale, J., Fazekas, F., Filippi, M., Freedman, M. S., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30470-2 · Cited by 8,167
New Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypic Classification
LUBLIN, F. D. (2014) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000367614 · Cited by 4,277
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Natalizumab for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Polman, C. H., O'Connor, P. W., Havrdová, E., Hutchinson, M., Kappos, L., Miller, D. H., Phillips, J. T., LUBLIN, F. D., Giovannoni, G., Wajgt, A., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa044397 · Cited by 3,433
Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions
Lublin, F. D., Reingold, S. C., Cohen, J. A., Cutter, G. R., Sørensen, P. S., Thompson, A. J., Wolinsky, J. S., Balcer, L. J., Banwell, B., Barkhof, F., et al. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000560 · Cited by 3,177
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Kappos, L., Radue, E. W., O'Connor, P. W., Polman, C. H., Hohlfeld, R., Calabresi, P. A., Selmaj, K. W., Agoropoulou, C., Leyk, M., Zhang-Auberson, L., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0909494 · Cited by 2,670
Intramuscular interferon beta‐1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Jacobs, L. D., Cookfair, D. L., Rudick, R. A., Herndon, R. M., Richert, J. R., Salazar, A. Μ., Fischer, J. S., Goodkin, D. E., Granger, C. V., Simon, J. H., et al. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390304 · Cited by 2,446
B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Hauser, S. L., Waubant, E., Arnold, D. L., Vollmer, T., Antel, J., Fox, R. J., Bar-Or, A., Panzara, M., Sarkar, N., Agarwal, S., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706383 · Cited by 2,439
Self-citationOral Fingolimod or Intramuscular Interferon for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Cohen, J. A., Barkhof, F., Comı, G., Hartung, H., Khatri, B. O., Montalbán, X., Pelletier, J., Capra, R., Gallo, P., Izquierdo, G., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907839 · Cited by 2,220
Ebers, G. C. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03334-0 · Cited by 2,144
Interferon beta‐1b is effective in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.4.655 · Cited by 2,085
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–966 of 966
Defining Activity‐Based Subgroups in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review and Framework Proposal
Manzano, C. L., Rice, C. M., Tallantyre, E., Cooper, C., Wang, H., Tomlinson, E., Sadek, A., Rao-Middleton, A., Thom, H., & Whiting, P. (2026) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.70663
Garbas, K., Żuk‐Łapan, A., Mucha, M., Piecha, T., Zapała, Ł., & Radziszewski, P. (2026) · African Journal of Urology · doi:10.1186/s12301-026-00586-2
Mangion, S. A., Wade, C., Pugh, C., Burnell, M., Burton, R., Rauchenberger, M., Sweeney, H., Nolan, A., Lewis, M., Brodnicki, E., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.15.26355245 · Cited by 1
Multiple sclerosis and the limits of classical autoimmune theory
Hedström, A. K., & Piehl, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1849080
“In MS, therapies targeting B cells or lymphocyte traf fi cking are highly effective in suppressing in fl ammatory disease activity early in the disease course, yet their impact on later progression is more limited (79).”
Mohaghegh, P., Faraji, F., & Talaie, A. (2026) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-026-03110-z
Zhang, Z. D., Yan, M., Huang, W., Chen, Y., Lv, T., & Chen, W. (2026) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cns.71000
Cabrera‐Martín, A., Juarranz, Y., Gutiérrez‐Cañas, I., & Martínez, C. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107377
Sreekumar, S., Najeeb, S. S., & Madhu, K. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11375-7_410
Shoombuatong, W., Schaduangrat, N., Chumnanpuen, P., Mookdarsanit, L., & Mookdarsanit, P. (2026) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.70695
Parra-Ramos, B., Yevenes-Rocha, L., & Mancilla, C. S. (2026) · Fisioterapia · doi:10.1016/j.ft.2026.06.005
Ramadan, R. M. E.-S., Alenezi, A., Alzahrani, A. H., Jamal, K., & Sayed, R. A. E. E. (2026) · The Open Nursing Journal · doi:10.2174/0118744346438856260107084604
Single, M., Mollà‐Casanova, S., Bruhin, L. C., Skaramagkas, V., Gerber, S. M., Chan, A., Nef, T., & Penner, I. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26144455
Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: An Updated Review
Yildirim, İ., & Avci, Ç. B. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-026-06071-9
“Clinically, it presents primarily in either the relapsing–remitting or progressive form [5].”
ESTUDO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DA MORTALIDADE POR ESCLEROSE MÚLTIPLA NO BRASIL, DE 2004 A 2023
Menezes, L. H. F., Martins, I. C., & Marques, C. P. C. (2026) · Revista Multidisciplinar do Nordeste Mineiro · doi:10.66104/4ktab351
Guo, H., Zeng, L., & Sun, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1861624
Hemati, T., Rezaei, S., Dill, F. E., & Parvizi, N. (2026) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Care · doi:10.34172/jmdc.1423
Schwarz, T., Schmidt, M. L., Popp, L. K., Pache, F. C., Drosten, C., Otto, C., Ruprecht, K., & Corman, V. M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2026.105987
Buigues-Pastor, L., Rojo, J. M., & Pouptsis, A. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107418
Microglial 5-LOX-activating protein antagonism alleviates leukotriene-driven neuroinflammation
Konings, J., Mingneau, F., Chornyi, S., Hansen, C. E., van der Burgt, R. T. M., van Elk, T. G., Bolkaerts, L., Batens, B., Tóth, G. J., Lanekoff, I., et al. (2026) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-026-03055-w
“Current treatment options for PwMS are generally ineffective in fully preventing long-term disability progression and neurodegeneration across disease stages [22].”
Zhou, Y., Huang, X., She, X., Hao, Q., Mi, Z., & Yang, Y. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107410
Sante, G. D., Bianco, A. D., Lucchini, M., Stabile, A. M., Pistilli, A., Bisurgi, M., Cicia, A., Bartolini, D., Ingrosso, L., Rende, M., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27157034
“Although its pathogenesis is multifactorial, adaptive immune responses involving CNS-reactive T and B lymphocytes are considered key contributors to disease initiation and perpetuation [1–4].”
Tai, M., Brown, B., Taiji, R., Faucher, A., Vekeman, F., Ionescu‐Ittu, R., & Gadkari, A. S. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173261464369
Manzano, C. L., Sadek, A., Cooper, C., Tomlinson, E., Wang, H., Rice, C. M., Tallantyre, E. C., Rao‐Middleton, A., Whiting, P. F., & Thom, H. H. Z. (2025) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/gjht1811
Domínguez, J. M. G., Villar, L. M., Arrambide, G., Blanco, Y., Calles, M. C., Casanova, B., Castillo‐Triviño, T., França, L. C. F., Eichau, S., Pérez, M. Á. H., et al. (2026) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2026.502141
“La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad inflamatoria, 1 es individualizada y compleja , en parte por el hecho de no existir comparaciones directas entre fármacos, y porque juega un papel importante el perfil de seguridad, tolerabili-dad, vía de administración y posología de cada fármaco, así…”
Smoot, K. E., Longbrake, E. E., Avila, M., Wesley, S. F., Hentati, A., Meador, W. R., Scagnelli, J., Lakin, L., Gudesblatt, M., Bian, B., et al. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585261475232
Maal, A. B., Arki, M. K., Nabavi, S. M., Rezaei–Tavirani, M., Rismani, E., Vosough, M., Azizi, G., & Hossein‐Khannazer, N. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-026-09328-2
“%) from onset [8–10].”
Kamo, H., Amano, S., Gerzenshtein, I. K., Vuddandam, D. K., Nagaki, K., Shimizu, M., Tran, M.-V., Elavarasi, A., McFarland, N. R., & Shukla, A. W. (2026) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x261440430
“10,11 Because clinical features differ among these syndromes, optimal rehabilitation strategies also vary depending on disease characteristics and target symptoms.”
Repulsive guidance molecule-a regulates neutrophil-associated Th17 responses in CNS autoimmunity
Zhen, W., Yang, X., Jiao, J., Cui, L., Yu, M., Sun, Q., Gao, D., Peng, D., Jin, M. J., Wei, L., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1941039
“Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) and a leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults worldwide (1 – 5).”
Park, J., Cheon, S. Y., & Guo, F. (2026) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.70211 · Cited by 1
Bennour, A. M., & El-Zawawi, H. A. (2026) · Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1055/s-0046-1827482
Al‐Mazroua, H. A., Alhamami, H. N., Nadeem, A., Ansari, M. A., Bakheet, S. A., Attia, S. M., Sarawi, W. S., Alomar, H. A., Alsaad, A. M. S., Alshamrani, A. A., et al. (2026) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/08923973.2026.2723386
“Ms is a global problem that affects human safety and health. it primarily affects young people, often leading to impairment, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide [50]. initial symptoms include fatigue, difficulty walking, visual disturbances, and paresthesias in the extremities.”
Veiga-González, J. L., Monreal, E., Espiño, M., Chico‐García, J. L., Fernández-Velasco, J. I., Rodríguez‐Jorge, F., Villarrubia, N., Rodero-Romero, A., de la Maza, S. S., Masjuán, J., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1771566
Fahmy, H. M., El-Feky, A. S., Ahmed, M. M., Mohamed, A. S., Shams-Eldin, E. M. M., El‐Daim, T. M. A., Mustafa, A. B. E.-D., Alrahman, M. W. A., Mohammed, F. F., & Fathy, M. (2026) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s40360-026-01133-z
“It undergoes two main stages: inflammation and demyelination, followed by astroglia proliferation and neurodegeneration [3].”
Lagravinese, G., Manippa, V., Farella, A., Natale, A., Todisco, R., Aresta, S., Guglielmo, M., Trane, S. D., Fiore, P., Scaramuzzi, G. F., et al. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107882
Modern diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: advances, challenges, and future directions
Siriratnam, P., Datta, M., Buzzard, K. A., Wesselingh, R., Yeh, W., Seery, N., Zhong, M., He, A. H., Jokubaitis, V., Wijeratne, T., et al. (2026) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2026.104169
Fritzen, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1922905
Mitra, A., Srivastava, N. K., Vivek, A., Bhuyan, N., Parveen, R., Mishra, V. N., & Pathak, A. (2026) · The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1186/s43162-026-00695-y
“Cognitive impairment is well recognized in MS, but an acute and fluctuating disturbance of attention or awareness should not automatically be attributed to chronic MS-related cognitive dysfunction [21, 138].”
Can Vaccines Cause Chronic Diseases?
Prasad‐Reddy, L., Dahal, A., & Srivastava, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-5464-4_18
Zecca, C., Disanto, G., Riccitelli, G. C., Sacco, R., Noseda, R., Findling, O., Kamm, C., Pot, C., Roth, P., & Gobbi, C. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864261431414
Aditi Devi, N., Singh, S. K., Sangeeta, S., Santhosh, C., Amritha, M. S., Achar, V. S., Sagar, P., Sawant, B. S., Sreenithya, M., Netravathi, M., et al. (2026) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.25991.1
The Investment Ecosystem in CNS Drug Development
Mills, B. D., Weninger, S. C., & Bisgaard, P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-31497-0_13
Feige, J., Hauer, L., & Sellner, J. (2026) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2026.2731966
“Approximately 10–15% of patients present with primary progressive MS (PP-MS), which is characterized by gradual disability progression from disease onset [13].”
InfluentialAlhlayl, A. S., & Alzghaibi, H. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14182927
Erdem, G. O., & Durna, Z. (2026) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1155/ane/9213084
Li, W., Wang, S., Shuhao, F., Ma, W., Dou, M., Tongyin, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, N., Liu, C., Zhu, L., et al. (2026) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2026.107470
Wang, D., Xu, D., Zhu, J., Wang, Z., Meng, Y., Guo, Z., Zhang, X., & He, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1837446
Kadirova, A. S., Rakhmatullaeva, G. K., & Salimjonov, J. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-026-09408-3
“Elevated GFAP lev ‑ els appear in progressive MS [ 27 –29].”
Mey, G. M., Classe, M. J., Staples, J. N., Chen, Y., & Werneburg, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10590491/v1
Chasov, V. V., Mukhametshin, S. A., Valiullina, A., Skibo, Y. V., Zhumabekova, M., Zharlyganova, D., Keyer, V. V., Kydyrbayeva, A., Shustov, A. V., & Bulatov, E. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48090958
“Unfortunately, the benefits of DMT that have been observed in patients with RRMS are not typically seen in patients with SPMS and PPMS [15].”
Noori, T., Hosseini, S. Z., Korani, S., Alavi, S. D., Heidarizade, N., Mohammadi-Farani, A., & Shirooie, S. (2026) · Journal of Medicinal Plants · doi:10.66224/jmp.25.98.1
Hou, G., Arya, D., & Simmons, S. B. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23516-0.00131-8
Use of a Large Language Model to Create a Neuropsychological Data Set From the Medical Record
Nylander, A. N., Wijangco, J., Poole, S. T., Li, J., Levy, E., Bartlett, N., Sisodia, N., Henderson, K., Fine, E. M., & Bove, R. M. (2026) · Neurology Open Access · doi:10.1212/wn9.0000000000000180
Crapella, F., & Muller, I. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1955471
“A 19-year-old woman was diagnosed with MS and treated with steroids, interferon and fi ngolimod (a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator that sequesters lymphocytes in primary lymphoid organs) (17).”
Early molecular changes in the subfornical organ during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Zhou, J., 周利霞, Song, K., Li, B., Jia, Z., Liu, Y., Sun, Y., Li, B., & 檀国军 (2026) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2026.579103
Comparative Analysis of IL-18 Expression Across Therapeutic Modalities in Multiple Sclerosis
Zyara, Z. M., Alubadi, A. E. M., & Shallal, G. A. A. (2026) · Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences · doi:10.23851/mjs.v37i3.1881
Air pollution and the risk of multiple sclerosis relapses in the Paris region, the CONFISEP study
Januel, É., Papeix, C., Baudic, A., Chaix, B., Maillart, É., Louapre, C., Roux, T., Yavchitz, A., Bensa, C., Deschamps, R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2026-339534
Alaeiilkhchi, N., Zhou, W., Ghalat, N. J., Kolehmainen, K., Thomson, T., Rajendran, A., Liu, J., Seira, O., & Tetzlaff, W. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107978
Engineered cells that sense and respond to interleukin-23 with neutralizing therapy for autoimmunityPreprint
Garza, G., Danon, S., Wuchter, J., & Morris, A. H. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.10.12.758578
“6,8 Moreover, these medications can have serious side effects including increased risk of infection.”
ESCLEROSIS MÚLTIPLE REMITENTE-RECURRENTE EN PACIENTE JOVEN: REPORTE DE CASO
Bello, E. B., Coronel, N. O. B., & Recalde, A. M. M. R. (2026) · Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria Ciencia PJC · doi:10.65740/gafby527
OCT to Assess Risk of Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Moss, H. E., Oke, I., Chen, J. J., Dinkin, M., El-Dairi, M., Gaier, E. D., Gilbert, A. L., MacIntosh, P. W., Pineles, S. L., & Heidary, G. (2026) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.08.009
Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for central and peripheral remyelination
Zhan, J., Jo, J., Cristobal, C. D., Jeong, D. J., Park, H. T., & Lee, H. K. (2026) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2026.102964
BindingDB (2024) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2dv1qcz
Advanced magnetic resonace imaging in multiple sclerosis
Donnay, C. A., Griffanti, L., Gaitán, M. I., & Reich, D. S. (2026) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21425-7.01019-8
Karaköse, Ş., Irmak, H. S., & Artan, T. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261497888
Sait, A. R. W., & Alkhurayyif, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1812134
Xiao, Y., Li, X.-Y., Ding, H., Wen, J.-X., Dai, Y.-X., Zhang, Y.-J., Li, S.-P., Wang, Y., Zhou, H.-J., Zhang, B.-M., et al. (2026) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2026.109714
Metadata
- Authors
- Hauser, S. L., & Cree, B. A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hauser, Stephen L.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1380-1390.e2
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7704606
- OpenAlex
- W3042308502
- Cited by
- 969
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 208 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 14.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novartis
- Roche
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35NS111644)
- TG Therapeutics
- Valhalla Foundation
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RR 2005-A-13)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, disease-modifying therapy, B-cell therapy, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, disability progression, symptom management, first-line therapy, long-term prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Multiple Sclerosis, Physical Therapy Modalities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
