Cited by 969Multiple Sclerosis Research StudiesPolyomavirus and related diseasesPsoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis

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Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

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Hauser, Stephen L., Cree, Bruce A.C.·2020·The American Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.049PMC PMC7704606

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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults. Effective management requires a multifaceted approach to control acute attacks, manage progressive worsening, and remediate bothersome or disabling symptoms associated with this illness. Remarkable advances in treatment of all forms of MS, and especially for relapsing disease, have favorably changed the long-term outlook for many patients. There also has been a conceptual shift in understanding the immune pathology of MS, away from a purely T-cell-mediated model to recognition that B cells have a key role in pathogenesis. The emergence of higher-efficacy drugs requiring less frequent administration have made these preferred options in terms of tolerability and adherence. Many experts now recommend use of these as first-line treatment for many patients with early disease, before permanent disability is evident.

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Self-citation
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Items 201–300 of 966

Quantifying the administration and monitoring time burden of several disease-modifying therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom: A time and motion study
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“Over the last two decades, the treatment landscape for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) has evolved with new treatment paradigms and greater emphasis on earlier treatment with disease-modifying therapy (DMT) (Giovannoni, 2018; Hauser and Cree, 2020; Hartung et al., 2021).”
Flexibility of brain dynamics is increased and predicts clinical impairment in relapsing–remitting but not in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
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“Disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) are commonly employed in long-term management to provide therapeutic advantages by inhibiting or regulating immune function and inflammatory responses [87, 88].”
Background
The Connection Between Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Iron Metabolism and Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review
Delic, S., Drakulić, S. M., Stepović, M., Milosavljevic, J. Z., Dimitrijevic, M. K., Jovanović, K., Marinkovic, I., Tepavčević, M., Janićijević, N., Mitrovic, A., et al. (2025) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci6010023 · Cited by 17
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Patti, F., Sgarlata, E., Chisari, C. G., Toscano, S., Finocchiaro, C., Fermo, S. L., & Millefiorini, E. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666211111123202 · Cited by 17
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A Comprehensive Exploration of the Transcriptomic Landscape in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
Chiricosta, L., Blando, S., D’Angiolini, S., Gugliandolo, A., & Mazzon, E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021448 · Cited by 16
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Kaur, J., Thakran, A., & Naqvi, S. (2025) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2025.101060 · Cited by 13
“FNb-1a (Rebif), IFNb-1a (Avonex) and PegIFNb-1a (Plegridy) are some more drugs that are used for MS but their mechanism of action has not been discovered yet, and here the biomimetic NPs play a crucial role in the treatment of MS [ 187 ].”
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Devanand, M., Nirmala, S. V., & Madhu, K. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-023-02312-9 · Cited by 13
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“B cells play a key role in the pathobiology of MS, which is underscored by the high efficacy of therapeutic strategies that target these cells [7, 8] and the fact that they are a primary target of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, the leading risk factor for MS [21–23].”
Background
Interferon beta-1a sc at 25 years: a mainstay in the treatment of multiple sclerosis over the period of one generation
Zettl, U. K., Rommer, P. S., Aktaş, O., Wagner, T. B., Richter, J., Oschmann, P., Cepek, L., Elias-Hamp, B., Gehring, K., Chan, A., et al. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2023.2248391 · Cited by 18
“While several drugs were licensed, introduced, and established in the meantime [16,17], IFN beta-1a sc remains a mainstay in the DMT of MS [18] based on extensive data from clinical studies and real-world use (Table 1, Figure 1).”
BackgroundMethod
In-silico studies of phytoconstituents of Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica with Crystal structure of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein against primary demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis
Gupta, A., Roy, A., Raja, V., Rustagi, S., Malik, S., & Verma, D. (2024) · Journal of Integrated Science and Technology · doi:10.62110/sciencein.jist.2024.v12.764 · Cited by 13
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Ereej, N., Hameed, H., Khan, M. A., Faheem, S., & Hameed, A. (2024) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0113895575301011240407082559 · Cited by 14
Administration of ROS-Scavenging Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Simply Mixed with Autoantigenic Peptides Induce Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance against Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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“Currently, the management of MS focuses on immunomodulatory therapies, symptomatic treatment, and lifestyle modifications to slow disease progression and alleviate symptoms [3–5].”
Background
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Martínez-Larrosa, J., Matute‐Blanch, C., Montalbán, X., & Comabella, M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577425 · Cited by 14
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Caballero‐Villarraso, J., Sawas, J., Escribano, B. M., Martín-Hersog, F. A., Valverde-Martínez, A., & Túnez, I. (2021) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2021.1886926 · Cited by 13
“To these facts we can add the increase in prevalence that is being observed in this entity, which entails a greater number of subjects who may become refractory to conventional treatments at some point in their evolution [1,4,6,11].”
Background
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Zhang, Q., Dai, X., Zhang, H., Zeng, Y., Luo, K., & Li, W. (2021) · Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1088/1748-605x/abddf4 · Cited by 13
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Cornuside alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting Th17 cell infiltration into the central nervous system
Zhang, R., Liu, J., Xu, B., Wu, Y., Liang, S., & Yuan, Q. (2021) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b2000771 · Cited by 13
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Issa, S. S., Shaimardanova, A. A., Владимирович, В. В., Rizvanov, A. A., & Solovyeva, V. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.859516 · Cited by 15
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“The oscillations of the model were found to arise due to a mathematical instability and could be representative of relapses, such as those in RRMS.”
BackgroundInfluential
Acupuncture at ST36 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via affecting the function of B cells
Wang, J., Zhu, F., Huang, W., Yang, C., Chen, Z., Lei, Y., Wang, Y., Meng, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, X., et al. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110748 · Cited by 12
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Marziali, L. N., Hwang, Y., Palmisano, M., Cuenda, A., Sim, F. J., Gonzalez, A., Volsko, C. M., Dutta, R., Trapp, B. D., Wrabetz, L. G., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad421 · Cited by 13
“Currently, no approved treatment exists to repair existing lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis, though many approaches have been investigated (reviewed by Bove and Green 66 and Hauser and Cree 67 ) and some have undergone clinical trials.”
Background
Treatment switches of disease-modifying therapies in people with multiple sclerosis: long-term experience from the German MS Registry
Frahm, N., Ellenberger, D., Stahmann, A., Fneish, F., Lüftenegger, D., Salmen, H. C., Schirduan, K., Schaak, T. P. A., Flachenecker, P., Kleinschnitz, C., et al. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864241239740 · Cited by 12
Whole-Body Cryostimulation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review
Alito, A., Fontana, J., Tibaldeo, E. F., Verme, F., Piterà, P., Miller, E., Cremascoli, R., Brioschi, A., & Capodaglio, P. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13072003 · Cited by 13
Effect on neutrophil migration and antimicrobial functions by the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors tolebrutinib, evobrutinib, and fenebrutinib
Bondt, M. D., Renders, J., de Prado, P. P., Berghmans, N., Pörtner, N., Vanbrabant, L., de Oliveira, V. L. S., Duran, G., Baeten, P., Broux, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1093/jleuko/qiae160 · Cited by 15
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Hu, Y., Frisell, T., Alping, P., Song, H., Yudi Pawitan, Y., Fang, F., & Piehl, F. (2024) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.27026 · Cited by 12
“19 To investigate a possible association between infections and accrual of disability in MS, we leveraged a Swedish nationwide cohort to: (1) determine incidence of hospital-treated infections in people with MS (PwMS) treated with rituximab or IFN/GA, (2) investigate the association between…”
A New Strategy in Modulating the Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (Par2) in Autoimmune Diseases
Khoon, L., & Piran, R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26010410 · Cited by 14
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Denaro, S., D’Aprile, S., Vicario, N., & Parenti, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2025.1532960 · Cited by 12
“RRMS frequently develops into secondary progressive MS (SPMS), characterized by the progressive and irreversible accumulation of neurological impairment (Hauser and Cree, 2020).”
Multiple sclerosis and computational biology (Review)
Diakou, I., Papakonstantinou, E., Papageorgiou, L., Pierouli, K., Dragoumani, K., Spandidos, D. A., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P., Goulielmos, G., Eliopoulos, E., et al. (2022) · Biomedical Reports · doi:10.3892/br.2022.1579 · Cited by 12
“Therapy‑wise, there have been a number of notable advances made over the past years with the emergence of highly effective approaches, particularly as regards the relapsing forms of the disease (32).”
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Ngwa, V. F., Zhou, Y., Melton, P. E., van der Mei, I. A. F., Charlesworth, J., Lin, X., Zarghami, A., Broadley, S., Ponsonby, A., Simpson, S., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23685-w · Cited by 14
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Shulga, O., Chabanova, A., & Kotsiuba, O. G. (2023) · Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii · doi:10.5114/ppn.2023.126319 · Cited by 12
“Other drugs include teriflunomide, b-interferons, and glatiramer acetate [4].”
CD8+ T cells specific for cryptic apoptosis-associated epitopes exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Feizi, N., Focaccetti, C., Pacella, I., Tucci, G., Rossi, A., Costanza, M., Pedotti, R., Sidney, J., Sette, A., Rocca, C. L., et al. (2021) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-04310-6 · Cited by 13
Phytochemical Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders
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“Glatiramer acetate and interferons are the first approved disease-modifying therapies for MS. [31] Disease-modifying therapies modify the course of MS through the suppression or modulation of immune function.”
Chimeric CNS-targeting-peptide engineered exosomes for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis therapy
Wang, Y.-K., Zhao, Y.-P., Ye, M., Wang, L., Lan, T., Wang, Y., & Qi, Z. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110835 · Cited by 13
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Gu, J., Zhang, J., Liu, Q., & Xu, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281310 · Cited by 12
Deferoxamine preconditioning of canine stem cell derived extracellular vesicles alleviates inflammation in an EAE mouse model through STAT3 regulation
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“Although various treatments have been studied for MS and autoimmune diseases, current therapeutic strategies have limitations and research on new strategies is needed 17 .”
Background
S100A4 promotes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by impacting microglial inflammation through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
He, J., Wu, T., Shirong, Y., Ma, L., Jing, L., Shihui, M., Haijian, Y., & Yu, F. H. Z. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112849 · Cited by 15
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Improvements in no evidence of disease activity with ublituximab vs. teriflunomide in the ULTIMATE phase 3 studies in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Álvarez, E., Steinman, L., Fox, E., Hartung, H., Qian, P., Wray, S. E., Robertson, D. S., Selmaj, K. W., Wynn, D. R., Mok, K., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1473284 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Pharmacogenomic screening identifies and repurposes leucovorin and dyclonine as pro-oligodendrogenic compounds in brain repair
Huré, J.-B., Foucault, L., Ghayad, L. M., Marie, C., Vachoud, N., Baudouin, L., Azmani, R., Ivljanin, N., Arevalo-Nuevo, A., Pigache, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54003-9 · Cited by 11
“Although current immunomodulatory therapies canreduce the frequencyand severity of relapses,they show limited impact on disease progression and are inef ﬁ cient in lesion repair 9 .”
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Perdaens, O., & Pesch, V. V. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252312637 · Cited by 12
Advancing multiple sclerosis diagnosis through an innovative hybrid AI framework incorporating Multi-view ResNet and quantum RIME-inspired metaheuristics
Khattap, M. G., Sallah, M., Dahou, A., Elaziz, M. A., Elgarayhi, A., Aseeri, A. O., Forestiero, A., & Hassan, H. G. E. M. A. (2025) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2024.103241 · Cited by 11
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Self-citation
The Possible Role of Metformin and Fibroblast Growth Factor‐21 in Multiple Sclerosis Neuropathology: Birds of a Feather Flock Together
Abulaban, A. A., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Ahmed, E., Alruwaili, M., Alexiou, A. T., Papadakis, M., & Batiha, G. E. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70067 · Cited by 11
“Acute attacks of MS are treated with high doses of cortico-steroids such as methylprednisolone either orally or intra-venously (Hauser and Cree 2020; Pitt et al. 2022; Makhani and Tremlett 2021; Granziera et al. 2021; Sakakibara 2019; Mayo et al. 2019; Alhossan et al. 2022; Teoli et al. 2021).”
Peripheral nervous system in multiple sclerosis—understanding the involvement via autonomic nervous system
Adamec, I., Skorić, M. K., & Habek, M. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05309-9 · Cited by 11
Cutting Edge: Effect of Disease-Modifying Therapies on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immune Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Yuzefpolskiy, Y., Morawski, P. A., Fahning, M. L., Speake, C., Lord, S. M., Chaudhary, A., Morishima, C., Wener, M. H., Kita, M., McCarthy, L. H., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2101142 · Cited by 11
Implication of genetic variants in primary microRNA processing sites in the risk of multiple sclerosis
Hecker, M., Fitzner, B., Putscher, E., Schwartz, M., Winkelmann, A., Meister, S., Dudešek, A., Koczan, D., Lorenz, P., Boxberger, N., et al. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104052 · Cited by 12
IRF8 regulates efficacy of therapeutic anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibodies
Grzelak, L., Roesch, F., Vaysse, A., Biton, A., Legendre, R., Porrot, F., Commère, P., Planchais, C., Mouquet, H., Vignuzzi, M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202250037 · Cited by 12
“Patients with MS are sometimes treated with IFN-b (61).”
Background
Deciphering the Genetic Crosstalk between Microglia and Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells during Demyelination and Remyelination Using Transcriptomic Data
Enrich-Bengoa, J., Manich, G., Degano, I. R., & Perálvarez‐Marín, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232314868 · Cited by 11
Emerging Materials, Wearables, and Diagnostic Advancements in Therapeutic Treatment of Brain Diseases
Ramasubramanian, B., Reddy, V. S., Chellappan, V., & Ramakrishna, S. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12121176 · Cited by 13
Current Advances of Plant-Based Vaccines for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Bravo-Vázquez, L. A., Hernández, E. O. M., Rodríguez, A. L., Sahare, P., Bandyopadhyay, A., Duttaroy, A. K., & Paul, S. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15020711 · Cited by 11
Brain Volume Loss Can Occur at the Rate of Normal Aging in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Who Are Free from Disease Activity
Temmerman, J., Veken, F. V. D., Engelborghs, S., Guldolf, K., Nagels, G., Smeets, D., Allemeersch, G., Costers, L., D'hooghe, M. B., Vanbinst, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030523 · Cited by 11
Peripheral myeloid-derived suppressor cells are good biomarkers of the efficacy of fingolimod in multiple sclerosis
Camacho-Toledano, C., Machín-Díaz, I., Calahorra, L., Cabañas-Cotillas, M., Otaegui, D., Castillo‐Triviño, T., Villar, L. M., Costa‐Frossard, L., Comabella, M., Midaglia, L. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02635-3 · Cited by 11
“Around 85% of patients develop the relapsing–remitting (RR-MS) form of the disease, which is essentially characterized by episodes of neurological dysfunction (relapses) followed by partial or full recovery [2].”
Background
How does Nogo receptor influence demyelination and remyelination in the context of multiple sclerosis?
Rashidbenam, Z., Öztürk, E., Pagnin, M., Theotokis, P., Grigoriadis, N., & Petratos, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1197492 · Cited by 12
“, brain, spinal cord, or optic nerve) (Hauser and Cree, 2020).”
Investigation of parameters related to lower extremity muscle strength and proprioception in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a cross-sectional study
Özkan, T., Yaşa, M. E., Ünlüer, N. Ö., Korkmaz, B., Uysal, İ., & Vural, G. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.105042 · Cited by 13
MRI features and disability in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Nabizadeh, F., Zafari, R., Mohamadi, M., Maleki, T., Fallahi, M. S., & Rafiei, N. (2024) · Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2023.11.007 · Cited by 13
A novel PROTAC molecule dBET1 alleviates pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by degrading BRD4
Song, Z., Li, J., He, Y., Wang, X., Tian, J., & Wu, Y. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112646 · Cited by 10
The P300 component of the auditory event-related potential in adult psychiatric and neurologic disorders: a narrative review of clinical and experimental evidence
Raggi, A., Serretti, A., & Ferri, R. (2024) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000566 · Cited by 12
Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for progressive multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis
Ridley, B., Minozzi, S., González‐Lorenzo, M., Giovane, C. D., Piggott, T., Filippini, G., Peryer, G., Foschi, M., Tramacere, I., Baldin, E., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015443.pub2 · Cited by 11
Exploring the neuroprotective benefits of phytochemicals extracted from indigenous edible fruits in Bangladesh
Roy, S., Roy, S. C., Zehravi, M., Sweilam, S. H., Das, R. C., Palanisamy, M., Dantinapalli, V. L. S., Elumalai, S., Gupta, J. K., Alshehri, M. A., et al. (2025) · Animal Models and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1002/ame2.12522 · Cited by 11
“Significantly, research has shown their efficacy in the pathophysiology of numerous non - degenerative diseases (NDs), including AD, PD, and MS. 79”
Influential
Treatment De-escalation in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: An Observational Study
Müller, J., Sharmin, S., Lorscheider, J., Horáková, D., Havrdová, E., Eichau, S., Patti, F. P., Grammond, P., Buzzard, K. A., Skibina, O. G., et al. (2025) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01164-w · Cited by 10
“DMTs were classified into three groups [1]: (a) high-efficacy DMTs: ocrelizumab, rituximab, and natalizumab; (b) medium-efficacy DMTs: fingolimod, dimethyl fuma-rate, siponimod, ozanimod, and daclizumab; and (c) low-efficacy DMTs: interferon beta-1a or -1b, peginterferon beta-1a, glatiramer…”
Multiple sclerosis: etiology in the context of neurovascular unit and immune system involvement and advancements with in vitro blood–brain barrier models
El-Taibany, A. A., Heydarian, P., Porada, D. A., Seeds, M. C., & Atala, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1595276 · Cited by 11
Prediction of long-term outcome in Multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review
Mrabet, S., Garcia, E. C., & Giovannoni, G. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106667 · Cited by 10
Management and Prevention of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Can Antioxidant-Rich Dietary Interventions Help?
Nagpal, D., Nema, S., Nagpal, S., Pandey, M. M., Kaushik, D. K., & Kathuria, H. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14091078 · Cited by 13
“The disease shows two pathological hallmarks: demyelination with inflammation and proliferation of astroglia (gliosis) and degeneration [276].”
“Listen to Your Immune System When It’s Calling for You”: Monitoring Autoimmune Diseases Using the iShU App
Ortet, C. P., & Costa, L. V. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22103834 · Cited by 12
“, cognitive deterioration), heat sensitivity, vertigo, and sexual and bladder dysfunction [46].”
Background
Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Foot Health and Quality of Life: A Prospective Case-Control Investigation
Ruiz‐Sánchez, F. J., Martins, M. D. R., Losa‐Iglesias, M. E., Vallejo, R., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Morales, C. R., Jiménez‐Cebrián, A. M., & López‐López, D. (2023) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2023.1605593 · Cited by 12
Radiological Benefits of Vitamin D Status and Supplementation in Patients with MS—A Two-Year Prospective Observational Cohort Study
Galus, W., Chmiela, T., Walawska‐Hrycek, A., & Krzystanek, E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061465 · Cited by 10
Clinical and economic evaluations of natalizumab, rituximab, and ocrelizumab for the management of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia
Alharbi, M. A., Aldosari, F. M., Althobaiti, A., Abdullah, F. M., Aljarallah, S., Alkhawajah, N. M., Alanazi, M., & AlRuthia, Y. S. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09462-z · Cited by 11
“[13] Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven their clinical superiority in comparison to other DMTs, such as interferons and orally administered therapies (e.”
Background
Click-evoked and speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses from individuals with multiple sclerosis
Rishiq, D., Harkrider, A. W., Springer, C. M., & Hedrick, M. S. (2020) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135460 · Cited by 10
Made to Measure: Patient-Tailored Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Using Cell-Based Therapies
Wens, I., Janssens, I., Derdelinckx, J., Meena, M., Willekens, B. M. P., & Cools, N. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147536 · Cited by 10
Triggering Innate Immune Receptors as New Therapies in Alzheimer’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis
Piec, P.-A., Pons, V., & Rivest, S. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082164 · Cited by 10
“AD is the most common form of dementia worldwide; the prevalence is constantly growing due to aging of the population and a lack of treatment able to slow the progression of the disease [23].”
BackgroundInfluential
Evaluation of adherence to treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis from Latin America
Alonso, R. N., Rojas, J. I., Ramos, J., Correa, P., Pita, C., Cohen, L., Vanotti, S., Garcea, O., & Silva, B. A. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103915 · Cited by 11
SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple sclerosis patients: interaction with treatments, adjuvant therapies, and vaccines against COVID-19
Muñoz-Jurado, A., Escribano, B. M., Agüera, E., Caballero‐Villarraso, J., Galván, A., & Túnez, I. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11237-1 · Cited by 10
Neurofilament-light and contactin-1 association with long-term brain atrophy in natalizumab-treated relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
van Lierop, Z. Y., Noteboom, S., Steenwijk, M. D., van Dam, M., Toorop, A. A., van Kempen, Z. L. E., Moraal, B., Barkhof, F., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., Schoonheim, M. M., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585221118676 · Cited by 10
“For the design of prediction models for future PBVC, VVC, and TVC, the first step was to identify the best candidate predictors by carrying out univariate regression analyses including three categories (1) clinical and radiological disease activity variables during the first year of treatment (to identify possible inf…”
Method
Ponesimod: An Oral Second-Generation Selective Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Alnaif, A., Oiler, I. G., & D’Souza, M. (2022) · The Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/10600280221140480 · Cited by 8
“Ponesimod is contraindicated in the following groups of patients: (1) patients less than 18 years old; (2) patients with hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of its excipients; (3) patients who are immunocompromised; (4) patients who in the last 6 months experienced myocardial infarction, unstable angina…”
Background
Effects of music therapy intervention on gait disorders in persons with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of clinical trials
Kong, L., Zhang, X., Meng, L., Xue, H., Zhou, W., Meng, X., Zhang, Q., & Shen, J. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104629 · Cited by 10
Predictors of treatment switching in the Big Multiple Sclerosis Data Network
Spelman, T. D., Magyari, M., Butzkueven, H., van der Walt, A., Vukusic, S., Trojano, M., Iaffaldano, P., Horáková, D., Drahota, J., Pellegrini, F., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1274194 · Cited by 9
“It may also, in part, reﬂect a shift in treatment strategy toward the earlier introduction of high-eﬃcacy treatments in response to treatment failure (3, 33).”
Background
Restoring immune balance with Tregitopes: A new approach to treating immunological disorders
Javidan, M., Amiri, A. M., Koohi, N., Joudaki, N., Bashirrohelleh, M. A., Pirsadeghi, A., Biregani, A. F., Rashno, M. M., Dehcheshmeh, M. G., Sharifat, M., et al. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116983 · Cited by 9
Effectiveness of Nintendo Wii Fit© for Physical Therapy in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Alba-Rueda, A., Miguel-Rubio, A. D., & Lucena-Antón, D. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14090896 · Cited by 9
“Currently, it is a pathology with no cure, so treatment focuses on ameliorating symptoms and possible exacerbations to stabilize disease progression [20].”
Background
Targeting Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Remyelination: Emerging Therapies and Personalized Approaches in Multiple Sclerosis Management
Sharma, T., Mehan, S., Tiwari, A., Khan, Z., Gupta, G. D., & Narula, A. S. (2024) · Current Neurovascular Research · doi:10.2174/0115672026336440240822063430 · Cited by 9
Multiple sclerosis treatments a review of current biomedical engineering approaches
Mohseni, S. O., Au, K. M., Issa, W., Ruan, L., Stüve, O., & Wang, A. Z. (2024) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122807 · Cited by 13
Systematic review of photobiomodulation for multiple sclerosis
Filho, V. O. D. A., Amarante, M. O. C., Gonzalez-Lima, F., da Silva, S. G., & Cardoso, F. D. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1465621 · Cited by 10
Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: recommendations of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Section of Polish Neurological Society
Kułakowska, A., Mirowska-Guzel, D. M., Kalinowska, A., Bartosik-Psujek, H., Brola, W., Stasiołek, M., Glabinski, A. R., Losy, J., Potemkowski, A., Rejdak, K., et al. (2024) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.5603/pjnns.102356 · Cited by 10
NDP52 and its emerging role in pathogenesis
Bruqi, K., & Strappazzon, F. (2025) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-025-07668-z · Cited by 10
“Currently, secondary-progressive forms of MS are treated with Siponimod-a selective S1P modulator, Ocrelizumab, Cladribine and diroximel fumarate [96].”
From prevention to management: Exploring the impact of diet on multiple sclerosis
Koukach, D., Aljumaily, M., Al-Attiyah, N., Al-Amer, R., Attia, Y., & Tayyem, R. (2025) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.1515/tnsci-2025-0371 · Cited by 9
“By contrast, PPMS a ﬀ ects both sexes equally and has a mean onset age of 40 years [6].”
Influential
Multiple sclerosis: a practical review for pathologists
Multz, R. A., Jamshidi, P., & Ahrendsen, J. T. (2025) · Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine · doi:10.4132/jptm.2025.05.20 · Cited by 12
“In cases of PPMS, ocrelizumab is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved medication that has been shown to slow the progression of disease [39,40].”
Influential
Hypogammaglobulinemia and infections in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Scavone, C., Cagnotta, C., Sportiello, L., Maniscalco, G. T., Ragone, A., Frasca, M., Rinaldi, B., & Capuano, A. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2025.2574668 · Cited by 9
Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Based Models for Studying Sex-Specific Differences in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Kiris, E. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2021_683 · Cited by 9
K index utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in the assessment of patients with suspected Multiple Sclerosis
Cutellé, C., Balducci, C., Cereda, D., Fusco, M. L., Iacobucci, D., Perugini, J., Pirro, F., Brivio, R., Bernasconi, D. P., Ferrarese, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577992 · Cited by 9
Impact of Multiple Sclerosis Subtypes on Pain Management in Patients With Trigeminal Neuralgia After Stereotactic Radiosurgery: An International Multicenter Analysis
Vasconcellos, F. D. N., Mashiach, E., Alzate, J. D., Bernstein, K., Rotman, L. E., Levy, S. A., Qu, T., Wegner, R. E., Shepard, M. J., Patel, S., et al. (2023) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000002790 · Cited by 9
Autoimmune Disorders: Types, Symptoms, and Risk Factors
Kumar, S., Kaushik, D., & Sharma, S. K. (2024) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9029-0_1 · Cited by 9
Machine learning in the identification of phenotypes of multiple sclerosis patients
Jeyananthan, P. (2024) · International Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s41870-024-01735-y · Cited by 9
“Even though previous studies reported that there are no treatments for cure this disease [22], current studies shows an advancement in the treat-ment [23, 24].”
Neuropathic Pain Secondary to Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review
McBenedict, B., Goh, K. S., Yau, R. C. C., Elamin, S., Yusuf, W. H., Verly, G., Thomas, A., Alphonse, B., Ouabicha, K., Valentim, G., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.61587 · Cited by 14
“Recent research has categorized MS treatments by efficacy levels, with highly effective options including ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab, and mitoxantrone [35].”
Background
An antagonistic monoclonal anti–Plexin-B1 antibody exerts therapeutic effects in mouse models of postmenopausal osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis
Vogler, M., Oleksy, A., Schulze, S., Fedorova, M., Kojonazarov, B. K., Nijjar, S., Patel, S. V., Jossi, S. E., Sawmynaden, K., Henry, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102265 · Cited by 9
“All of these treatments have only limited ef ﬁ cacy and signi ﬁ cant safety issues, which imposes the urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches (22).”
Monitoring recovery after CNS demyelination, a novel tool to de-risk pro-remyelinating strategies
Henriet, E., Martin, E., Jubin, P., Langui, D., Mannioui, A., Stankoff, B., Lubetzki, C., Khakhalin, A. S., & Zalc, B. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad051 · Cited by 9
“Numerous drugs targeting the inflammatory component of multiple sclerosis are now available, some of them having a positive impact on disability progression.(22) However, despite this therapeutic progress, there is still a need to find drugs that can halt silent progression, which correlates with chronic demyelination…”
Background
Effects of vibration training on motor and non-motor symptoms for patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhang, Y., Xu, P., Deng, Y., Duan, W., Cui, J., Ni, C., & Wu, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.960328 · Cited by 8
“Despite disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) reducing the rate of disease progression (Hauser and Cree, 2020), the development of effective rehabilitation programs remain essential in managing the disease (Zuber et al.”
Background
Evaluation of drivers of treatment switch in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a study from the Italian MS Registry
Iaffaldano, P., Lucisano, G., Guerra, T., Patti, F., Cocco, E. E., Luca, G. D., Morra, V. B., Pozzilli, C., Zaffaroni, M., Ferraro, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-12137-8 · Cited by 8
“In patients who experience moderate-efficacy (ME) DMTs treatment failure or who have a high risk of reactivation of the disease, high-efficacy (HE) DMTs should be considered [8, 9].”
Evaluating efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab biosimilar (Xacrel) compared to the originator (Ocrevus) in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a phase III, randomized, equivalency, clinical trial
Sahraian, M. A., Abolfazli, R., Shaygannejad, V., Ashtari, F., Majdinasab, N., Navardi, S., Baghbanian, S. M., Sedighi, B., Moghadasi, A. N., Nahayati, M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75745-y · Cited by 8
“The disease is characterized by the attack of immune cells on myelin in the central nervous system, leading to acute exacerbations and progressive disability 3 .”
Background
Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 deficiency aggravates neuroinflammation, nociception, and motor impairment in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Evangelista, B. G., Giardini, A. C., Hösch, N. G., Sant'Anna, M. B., Martins, B. B., Neto, B. S., Chacur, M., Pagano, R. L., Picolo, G., & Zambelli, V. O. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.10.305 · Cited by 8

Authors: Hauser, S. L., & Cree, B. A. C.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Hauser, Stephen L.
ORCID: Hauser, Stephen L.
Cree, Bruce A.C.
Venue: The American Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-12
Volume: 133
Issue: 12
Pages: 1380-1390.e2
ISSN: 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.049
PMC: PMC7704606
OpenAlex: W3042308502
Cited by: 969
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 149 · 2025: 208 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 7
FWCI: 14.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Novartis
Roche
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35NS111644)
TG Therapeutics
Valhalla Foundation
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RR 2005-A-13)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Keywords: multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, disease-modifying therapy, B-cell therapy, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, disability progression, symptom management, first-line therapy, long-term prognosis
MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Multiple Sclerosis, Physical Therapy Modalities

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