The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults. Effective management requires a multifaceted approach to control acute attacks, manage progressive worsening, and remediate bothersome or disabling symptoms associated with this illness. Remarkable advances in treatment of all forms of MS, and especially for relapsing disease, have favorably changed the long-term outlook for many patients. There also has been a conceptual shift in understanding the immune pathology of MS, away from a purely T-cell-mediated model to recognition that B cells have a key role in pathogenesis. The emergence of higher-efficacy drugs requiring less frequent administration have made these preferred options in terms of tolerability and adherence. Many experts now recommend use of these as first-line treatment for many patients with early disease, before permanent disability is evident.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It may also partly explain why immunosuppressive therapies have thus far had little or no effect on disability accumulation in progressive MS trials4.”
From Locus for severity implicates CNS resilience in progression of multiple sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While disease-modifying therapies have significantly improved prognosis for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), effective treatments for the progressive, neurodegenerative phase are lacking.”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Most DMTs are approved for treatment of relapsing MS (RMS) [17], a smaller number have shown benefit in some SPMS populations [19, 22, 23], but only one DMT has shown efficacy for treatment of PPMS, underlining the unmet need of treatment options for these patients [20] (Table 2).”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“For example, IFN-γ has been proposed to play both stimulatory and suppressive roles in cancer, and type I IFNs are used both as an immunosuppressant to treat multiple sclerosis and as immunostimulatory adjuvant treatments for cancer (for example melanoma) and chronic viral infection (for example HCV)48–50.”
From Causal identification of single-cell experimental perturbation effects with CINEMA-OT (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria
Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., Correale, J., Fazekas, F., Filippi, M., Freedman, M. S., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30470-2 · Cited by 8,167
New Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypic Classification
LUBLIN, F. D. (2014) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000367614 · Cited by 4,277
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Natalizumab for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Polman, C. H., O'Connor, P. W., Havrdová, E., Hutchinson, M., Kappos, L., Miller, D. H., Phillips, J. T., LUBLIN, F. D., Giovannoni, G., Wajgt, A., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa044397 · Cited by 3,433
Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions
Lublin, F. D., Reingold, S. C., Cohen, J. A., Cutter, G. R., Sørensen, P. S., Thompson, A. J., Wolinsky, J. S., Balcer, L. J., Banwell, B., Barkhof, F., et al. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000560 · Cited by 3,177
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Kappos, L., Radue, E. W., O'Connor, P. W., Polman, C. H., Hohlfeld, R., Calabresi, P. A., Selmaj, K. W., Agoropoulou, C., Leyk, M., Zhang-Auberson, L., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0909494 · Cited by 2,670
Intramuscular interferon beta‐1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Jacobs, L. D., Cookfair, D. L., Rudick, R. A., Herndon, R. M., Richert, J. R., Salazar, A. Μ., Fischer, J. S., Goodkin, D. E., Granger, C. V., Simon, J. H., et al. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390304 · Cited by 2,446
B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Hauser, S. L., Waubant, E., Arnold, D. L., Vollmer, T., Antel, J., Fox, R. J., Bar-Or, A., Panzara, M., Sarkar, N., Agarwal, S., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706383 · Cited by 2,439
Self-citationOral Fingolimod or Intramuscular Interferon for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Cohen, J. A., Barkhof, F., Comı, G., Hartung, H., Khatri, B. O., Montalbán, X., Pelletier, J., Capra, R., Gallo, P., Izquierdo, G., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907839 · Cited by 2,220
Ebers, G. C. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03334-0 · Cited by 2,144
Interferon beta‐1b is effective in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.4.655 · Cited by 2,085
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 966
Islam, N., & Akçeşme, B. (2025) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-025-02859-z
“Present-day treatments primarily involve immunomodula - tory agents like interferon-beta, which are aimed at symp - tom management and deceleration of disease progression, though these interventions do not offer a cure [13 ].”
Sreekumar, S., Najeeb, S. S., & Madhu, K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_410-1
Chaudhery, I., Rehman, A. U., Shah, F. A., Ahmed, N., Arshad, M. S., Siddiqui, B., & Elaı̈ssari, A. (2025) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107344
Bhushan, M., Schneider, T. M., & Hendrickson, J. E. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Apheresis · doi:10.1002/jca.70052
Олегович, К. А., Grinyuk, V. V., Bakhchivanov, A. S., Ящук, Е. В., Fatueva, E. S., Юрьевна, К. К., Васильевна, В. Н., Zakharov, V. V., & Babieva, N. S. (2025) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-27112025-4-4-10
Jerčić, M., Vidaković, M. R., Markotić, A., & Mužinić, N. R. (2025) · BioMed · doi:10.3390/biomed5030020
“The clinical signs and symptoms of MS vary depending on the location and severity of the lesions affecting different areas of the spinal cord and brain [16,17].”
A model-based design strategy to engineer miRNA-regulated detection systems
Verkuijlen, R. J., & Smith, R. W. (2025) · Frontiers in Systems Biology · doi:10.3389/fsysb.2025.1601854
Understanding the Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Quality of Life: An Italian Pilot Study
Vitale, E., Lupo, R., Panzanaro, L., Visconti, R., Tumolo, M. R., Caldararo, P., Cucci, F., Cascio, D., Nunzio, G. D., Botti, S., et al. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15090960
Hrynevych, K., & Kopchak, O. O. (2025) · INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.22141/2224-0713.21.5.2025.1195
Understanding the Silent Threat: A Review to Neurodegenerative Disorders
Kajrolkar, A. (2025) · Premier Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.70389/pjn.100012 · Cited by 1
Consterdine, A., Slessor, K., Collett, J., Duda, J. L., & Dawes, H. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2552871
“…this was expressed via anger, fear, and concern for the future which was also intermixed with negative mood, depression, anxiety, and vulnerability [73]. to illustrate, when asked about any mood changes since diagnosis, Dante offers “i feel like i’m more i anxious now, and also sometimes i feel i…”
Imaging progenitor cell differentiation during CNS remyelination using an MRI gene reporter
Brechbühl, E. E. S., Hill, M. F. E., Chen, C. Z.-Y., Gaitsch, H., R�os, S., Porcu, L., Wright, A. J., Reich, D. S., Franklin, R. J. M., & Brindle, K. M. (2026) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awag127
Multiple sclerosis and dental care
Cloney, N., & Dickens, T. (2025) · Dental Update · doi:10.12968/denu.2025.52.8.556
Current trends in the teatment of multiple sclerosis
Libertínová, J. (2025) · Česká a slovenská farmacie · doi:10.36290/csf.2025.028
Reinsberg, H., Oertel, F. C., Casillas, D. I., Kaufhold, G. N., Montes, S. C., Bereuter, C., Chapman, M. C., Sperber, P. S., Cree, B., Bellmann–Strobl, J., et al. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585251374507
Self-citationLin, W. Z., Lee, J. J., Chertcoff, A. S., Tremlett, H. L., & Kramer, J. L. K. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173251390649
“1,8,9 The type of drug (biologic or small molecule) was determined by referencing the FDA approval package for the drug.”
Berkovich, R., Greene, N., Reddy, S. R., Chang, E. Y., Tarbox, M. H., Fadaee, S., Quach, C., & Pyatkevich, Y. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000045214
“[12] 17] Real-world studies have supported these data to demonstrate improvements in treatment satisfaction and stability of disability measures in patients treated with teriflun-omide across different areas of the world.”
Jovanović, A., Pekmezovic, T. D., Mesaroš, Š., & Novaković, I. V. (2025) · Medicinski podmladak · doi:10.5937/mp76-46939 · Cited by 1
Ashkar, A., Irfan, S. A., Siddiqui, F., Baig, M. M. A., & Shah, S. (2025) · Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2025.06.003
Eixarch, H., Calvo‐Barreiro, L., Fissolo, N., Boschert, U., Hervera, A., Comabella, M., Montalbán, X., & Espejo, C. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311311
“Several disease modifying therapies (DMTs) have been approved in recent decades for the treatment of relapsing–remitting MS [11,12], aimed at reducing the frequency of relapses and preventing the accumulation of disability.”
Hamilton‐Avilés, L. E., Gallardo‐Pérez, M. M., Melgar‐de‐la‐Paz, M., Negrete‐Rodríguez, P., Cruz‐Pérez, G. E., García‐Vélez, D., Ocaña‐Ramm, G., Martínez, S. C., Olivares‐Gazca, J. C., Ruiz‐Delgado, G. J., et al. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.70078
Mekiňová, L., Šrotová, I., Hanáková, P., Danhofer, P., Hudeček, R., & Ješeta, M. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13233155
“Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by damage to the myelin sheaths and axons in the central nervous system [12].”
Wang, Y., Ji, H., Wang, H., & Song, Z. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106898
Acute Spinal Cord Syndrome As the Initial Manifestation of Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report
Silva, C. P., Fernandes, C., Ribeiro, M., & Cruz, D. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.98644
Žura, E., Burzić, A., Paulin, E., & Kozinc, Ž. (2025) · sportlogia · doi:10.63356/spl.2025.013
Analysis of Health-Related Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: A Bayesian Quantile LASSO Approach
Xi, L., Li, J., Aparasu, R. R., & Wu, C. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14162454
Proppe, C. E., Lubiak, S. M., Rivera, P. M., Howard, M. A., Schmidt, J. T., & Hill, E. C. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-06052-1
“…relapse rates and slow - ing the progression of MS, they do not address common symptoms such as decreased physical function, which can lead to decreased quality of life and increased risk of comorbidities (Ewanchuk et al. 2018 ; Dalgas et al. 2019; Hauser and Cree 2020 ; McGinley et al. 2021 ).”
Janakiraman, M., Leliavski, A., Varadarajulu, J., Jenne, D. E., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26650485
Janakiraman, M., Leliavski, A., Varadarajulu, J., Jenne, D. E., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24761307
Camacho-Toledano, C., Machín-Díaz, I., Calahorra, L., Cabañas-Cotillas, M., Otaegui, D., Castillo‐Triviño, T., Villar, L. M., Costa‐Frossard, L., Comabella, M., Midaglia, L. S., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21602013
Salmani, S., Mousavi, S. H., Navardi, S., Hosseinzadeh, F., & Pashaeypoor, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22604882
Janakiraman, M., Leliavski, A., Varadarajulu, J., Jenne, D. E., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24761978
Janakiraman, M., Leliavski, A., Varadarajulu, J., Jenne, D. E., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26650482
Harris, V., Stark, J. W., Williams, A., Roche, M., Malin, M., Kumar, A., Carlson, A., Kizilbash, C., Wollowitz, J., Andy, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25893797
Greene, N., Quéré, S., Bury, D. P., Mazerolle, F., M’Hari, M., Loubert, A., Regnault, A., & Higuchi, K. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23625393
Zheng, W., Feng, Y., Zeng, Z., Ye, M., Wang, M., Liu, X., Tang, P., Shang, H., Sun, X., Lin, X., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19200021
Zheng, W., Feng, Y., Zeng, Z., Ye, M., Wang, M., Liu, X., Tang, P., Shang, H., Sun, X., Lin, X., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19200024
Harris, V., Stark, J. W., Williams, A., Roche, M., Malin, M., Kumar, A., Carlson, A., Kizilbash, C., Wollowitz, J., Andy, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26724899
Harris, V., Stark, J. W., Williams, A., Roche, M., Malin, M., Kumar, A., Carlson, A., Kizilbash, C., Wollowitz, J., Andy, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26724902
Camacho-Toledano, C., Machín-Díaz, I., Calahorra, L., Cabañas-Cotillas, M., Otaegui, D., Castillo‐Triviño, T., Villar, L. M., Costa‐Frossard, L., Comabella, M., Midaglia, L. S., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21602019
Zheng, W., Feng, Y., Zeng, Z., Ye, M., Wang, M., Liu, X., Tang, P., Shang, H., Sun, X., Lin, X., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19200027
Zheng, W., Feng, Y., Zeng, Z., Ye, M., Wang, M., Liu, X., Tang, P., Shang, H., Sun, X., Lin, X., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19200030
Camacho-Toledano, C., Machín-Díaz, I., Calahorra, L., Cabañas-Cotillas, M., Otaegui, D., Castillo‐Triviño, T., Villar, L. M., Costa‐Frossard, L., Comabella, M., Midaglia, L. S., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21602016
Harris, V., Stark, J. W., Williams, A., Roche, M., Malin, M., Kumar, A., Carlson, A., Kizilbash, C., Wollowitz, J., Andy, C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25893909
Tang, X., Chen, H., Xiang, Y., & Hu, M. (2025) · Pharmacoeconomics and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.pharp.2025.09.001
Méndez, M. S., & Reverté‐Villarroya, S. (2025) · Revista Científica de la Sociedad Española de Enfermería Neurológica · doi:10.1016/j.sedene.2025.500204
Why and how to supplement vitamin D in multiple sclerosis?
Galus, W. (2025) · Aktualności Neurologiczne · doi:10.15557/an.2025.0022
Belova, Y. A., Peshkin, A. N., Yakushina, T. I., & Lizhdvoy, V. Y. (2025) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2025-6-69-74
Gnanapavan, S., Arun, T., Gallagher, P., Michael, R., Marsh, J., & Kondori, N. R. (2025) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-025-04547-0
“With remarkable advances in disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used for the management of MS, it is increasingly recognised that early optimal control of inflammatory activity offers the best long-term outcome [2–5].”
Schneider, M., Banks, A. M., Zuckerman, A. D., DeClercq, J., Choi, L., & Cruchelow, K. R. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.106968
Hauwanga, W. N., Salim, M. F., Awan, M., Ezike, L. A., Luther, I. A. V. F., Suliman, M., Devan, J. N., & McBenedict, B. (2026) · Sclerosis · doi:10.3390/sclerosis4010001
Smith, C., Greenberg, B. M., Reynolds, J. R., Mosavi-Hecht, R. M., Semedo‐Kuriki, P., Benavides, S., Zhang, W., Wu, Y., Adams, G., Evers, B. M., et al. (2026) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.78149
Targeted therapy of multiple sclerosis: real-world experience with divozilimab
Eliseeva, D. D., Baydina, E. V., Simaniv, T. O., Аскарова, Л. Ш., Korzhova, J. E., Владимировна, З. И., Kochergin, I. A., Panova, O. E., Олеговна, Ч. Е., Shevchuk, D. V., et al. (2025) · Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.17816/acen.1426
Anber, A. A., Karsaneh, O. A. A., Abuquteish, D., Abdallah, O., Issa, M. A., Sa’adeh, M., & Kilani, D. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62010203
“However, over time, many RRMS patients transition into SPMS, where neurologic deterioration becomes more sustained and less responsive to therapy [9].”
Petratos, S., Emamnejad, R., Theotokis, P., Lee, J., Pagnin, M., Nheu, D., Ellen, O., Ye, S., Kim, M. J., Öztürk, E., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8429369/v1
Ferrazzano, G., Raimo, S., Vita, A. D., Gaita, M., Satriano, F., Veneziano, M., Torchia, V., Collura, A., Zerella, M. P., Belvisi, D., et al. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-025-08641-6
Nörolojik Rehabilitasyonda Sanal Gerçeklik Kullanımı ve Etkileri
Gülçelik, G. E., Aydoğan, G., TERZİ, R., & Sayma, Ö. (2026) · Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer · doi:10.33631/sabd.1557879
XVII Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: Review of the New Developments Presented at the 2024 ECTRIMS Congress (I)
Fernández, Ó., Luque, A. A., Agüera, E., Aladro, Y., Alonso, A., Arroyo, R. H., Brieva, L., Calles, C., Caminero, A. B., Castillo‐Triviño, T., et al. (2026) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.31083/rn39227
“…RM es 5–10 ve-ces más sensible que la clínica para detectar actividad [48], y quizás lo más importante sea analizar si los sistemas de puntuación (Río, canadiense, etc.), son útiles con los fár-macos de alta eficacia, ya que teóricamente la evolución esperada con estos fármacos no es la real [49].”
Acupuncture for multiple sclerosis: a case report
Zhao, Y., & Peng, D. (2026) · Acupuncture in Medicine · doi:10.1177/09645284261415901
Méndez, M. S., & Reverté‐Villarroya, S. (2026) · Revista Científica de la Sociedad de Enfermería Neurológica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.sedeng.2026.500204
Multiple sclerosis and uveitis: Clinical characteristics and prognosis
Gil, W., Chacun, S., Androdias, G., Vasseneix, C., Kodjikian, L., Vukusic, S., Sève, P., & Jammal, T. E. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107047
Zhao, P., Li, Y., Li, W., Han, X., Cheng, W., Fan, M., Xu, L., Han, J., & Xihong, L. (2026) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s572873
Nabi, F., Yousefi, H., Babaee, S., & Shaygannejad, V. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09547-0
“Patients are people diagnosed with MS according to the McDonald criteria [5] by a licensed neurologist.”
Enhancing the endocannabinoid system to treat residual disease in relapse-free multiple sclerosis
Annovazzi, P. O. L., Clerico, M., Cocco, E. E., Conte, A., Marfia, G. A., Salvetti, M., Tomassini, V., Totaro, R., & Centonze, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1747131
“For all patients, it is useful to encourage attention to a healthy lifestyle, including maintaining an optimistic outlook, a healthy diet, and regular exercise as tolerated (24).”
Tayeb, Z., Garbaya, S., & Specht, B. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.26347719
A Historical Overview of Epidemiological Studies on Multiple Sclerosis in Japan
Watanabe, M. (2026) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.70053
Gudelj, R., Radmilo, M., Terze, P., & Košta, V. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14030606
“Probably thanks to its composition in terms of being a fully human antibody, it has a lower potential to induce antidrug antibodies than other mAbs [17,18,36].”
Evaluating use of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis using claims data
Wang, X., Zhao, F.-L., Newby, D. E., & Li, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2026.1714922
“…contributed to the initiation of DMTs for RRMS patients: (1) the growing prevalence of MS, mainly driven by improved diagnostic capabilities (2, 24), which enabled more patients to receive accurate and timely diagnoses; and (2) the recognition of DMT as the optimal treatment for RRMS (12, 25).”
Chumpangern, Y., Seawsirikul, Y., Keatbundit, P., Thongtem, L., Uawithya, E., Khampang, R., Ongphichetmetha, T., Siritho, S., Prayoonwiwat, N., & Jitprapaikulsan, J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-43240-1
“Therefore, this meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of DMTs in the treatment of CIS 12 .”
Treatment escalation after clinically silent MRI lesions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosisPreprint
Daruwalla, C., Kremler, C., Patti, F., Özakbaş, S., Boz, C., Lechner‐Scott, J., Surcinelli, A., Foschi, M., Khoury, S. J., Butzkueven, H., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.26347918
Multiple sclerosis and autoimmunity: a reappraisal of the evidence
Amigo, M., Sen, M. K., Dunn, J. S., & Mahns, D. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1726369
“However, its clinical use is constrained by the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, necessitating careful patient monitoring and personalised treatment plans (47).”
Are we really focusing on a Cure for MS?
Lechner-Scott, J., Giovannoni, G., Hawkes, C. H., Levy, M., & Yeh, E. A. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107139
Lee, A. R., Yang, S. W., Lee, S.-Y., Jeon, S. B., Kang, H. Y., Choi, J. W., Park, J. S., Park, J. S., Son, S. B., Jeong, Y., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1698136
“Mitochondrial dysfunction in these immune cells — characterized by impaired OXPHOS and excessive ROS — leads to the sustained activation of in fl ammatory pathways and a failure in immune tolerance (11 – 15).”
A Novel Perspective on Multiple Sclerosis: Morphological Shifts in Immune Cell Populations
Yavuz, H., Yıldız, Ö. K., Bolat, S., Kablan, D., Özer, S., Doğan, K., GÖKÇE, Ş. F., Yenihan, M. K., & Doğan, H. O. (2026) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.70008
Autoimmune maladies of the brainstem
Miyamoto, K., & Kusunoki, S. (2026) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15736-3.00010-x
Exosomes as vectors across the blood–brain barrier in neurological research
Singh, Y., Shukla, R., Vishaka, K., Banerjee, A., Patel, D., Ojha, A., & Singh, R. K. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36390-0.00017-8
Structural Basis of M1 Muscarinic and H3 Histamine Receptor Inhibition in OPC DifferentiationPreprint
Raubenolt, B. A., Cumbo, F., Joshi, J., Martin, W. C., Medicetty, S., Yang, Y., Trapp, B. D., & Blankenberg, D. J. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715893 · Cited by 1
Ziccardi, S., Marastoni, D., Biasi, P., Tamanti, A., Pizzini, F. B., Calderone, M., Camera, V., Bertolazzo, M., Daldosso, A., Milocco, B., et al. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864261434351
Pharmacogenomic identification of small molecules promoting oligodendrogenesis and myelin repair
Huré, J.-B. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/17691e80z7bacz455fzba89z49fef7be0512
Novel Nanotechnological Approaches for Glioblastoma Targeting
Rinaldi, A. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f2906991zf1b3z4908z89b3z3540c81fe044
Budina, E., Reda, J. W., Refvik, K. C., Luehr, J., Berg, B. T. K., Chun, H. R., Beckman, T. N., Solanki, A., Nguyen, M., Reda, S. N., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.10.717764
Elshazly, E., El-Seidy, E. A. S., Kotit, M., Al-Malt, A. M., & Bahnasy, W. S. (2026) · The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1186/s43163-026-01076-6
Nanoparticles for autoimmune diseases: advancing diagnostics and therapeutic solutions
Ong, E. X. N., Ng, C. Y. J., Cao, L.-L., Li, X., Li, P. P., Tan, N. S., Liao, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-026-01794-w · Cited by 2
“Nevertheless, since most MS patients exhibit CNS-related clinical symptoms, the CNS has become the primary target for therapeutic interventions aimed at slowing disease progression, prolonging remission, and reducing acute relapses [101].”
Toprak¹, E., Görgeç, M. Ç., & Dereli², D. (2026) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-026-09984-0
Pourseirafi, M., Mousavi, S. R., Niazmand, A., Hosseini, N., Vatandoost, N., & Salehi, M. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107265
Molenaar, P. C. G., Weir, D. L., Arnoldus, E. P. J., Beenakker, E. A. C., van den Bos, R. P. M., van Eijk, J. J. J., Feenstra, C., van Geel, B. M., Heersema, D. J., Hoitsma, E., et al. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107268
Wu, M. T., Yan, S., Zhang, L., Li, W.-T., Du, Q., & Shen, J. (2026) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-026-01814-9
Lin, X., Wu, X., Guo, X., Zeng, Y., Ye, Q., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-026-05929-2
“…disease mechanisms and in the development of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), current therapeutic strategies primarily attenuate inflammatory activity and reduce relapse frequency, but remain largely ineffective in preventing sustained neurode-generation and long-term disease progression [5, 6].”
Neuropilins in Multiple Sclerosis: Dual Roles of NRP-1 in Neuroinflammation and Neuroprotection
Goleij, P., Babamohamadi, M., Heidari, M. M., Tabari, M. A. K., Abolfazli, S., Mohammadi, S., Sanaye, P. M., Arefnezhad, R., Aschner, M., Khan, H. Z., et al. (2026) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-026-08918-9
Freedman, D., Oh, J., & Feinstein, A. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122056
Oechtering, J. (2026) · Gynäkologische Endokrinologie · doi:10.1007/s10304-026-00691-z
Santamaría, G., Jiménez-Callejo, E., López, N. R., Cacharro, L. M., Gutiérrez‐Abejón, E., Sánchez-Valdeón, L., & Fernández‐Lázaro, D. (2026) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk11020219
“This is consistent with previous research indicating that health-related QoL in MS is influenced by multiple interacting factors beyond physical performance alone, including psychological, social, and disease-related variables [7,20,28].”
Robertson, D. S., Álvarez, E., Steinman, L., Hartung, H.-P., Qian, P., Selmaj, K. W., Wray, S. E., Wynn, D. R., Fox, E., Mok, K., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1771848
Self-citationMandibular bone microarchitecture in patients with multiple sclerosis: A fractal analysis study
Yarbaşi, Ö., & Yurttaş, M. (2026) · Journal of Stomatology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jormas.2026.102862
Yang, J., 迟青泽, Huang, M., Lu, J., Dong, X., & Li, X. (2026) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-026-04802-x
MENTAL DISORDERS AMONG PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS - A MINI REVIEW
Sternik, M., Ćwirko, H., Skrobarczyk, A., Ćwirko-Kuśnierz, S., & Garlak, U. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4906
Brooks, L., Farid, A. W. S., Poobalan, A. S., Johnstone, A. M., & Myint, P. K. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18121875
“These often lead to early withdrawal from treatment [8].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hauser, S. L., & Cree, B. A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hauser, Stephen L.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1380-1390.e2
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7704606
- OpenAlex
- W3042308502
- Cited by
- 969
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 208 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 14.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novartis
- Roche
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35NS111644)
- TG Therapeutics
- Valhalla Foundation
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RR 2005-A-13)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, disease-modifying therapy, B-cell therapy, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, disability progression, symptom management, first-line therapy, long-term prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Multiple Sclerosis, Physical Therapy Modalities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
