The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults. Effective management requires a multifaceted approach to control acute attacks, manage progressive worsening, and remediate bothersome or disabling symptoms associated with this illness. Remarkable advances in treatment of all forms of MS, and especially for relapsing disease, have favorably changed the long-term outlook for many patients. There also has been a conceptual shift in understanding the immune pathology of MS, away from a purely T-cell-mediated model to recognition that B cells have a key role in pathogenesis. The emergence of higher-efficacy drugs requiring less frequent administration have made these preferred options in terms of tolerability and adherence. Many experts now recommend use of these as first-line treatment for many patients with early disease, before permanent disability is evident.
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“It may also partly explain why immunosuppressive therapies have thus far had little or no effect on disability accumulation in progressive MS trials4.”
From Locus for severity implicates CNS resilience in progression of multiple sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
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“While disease-modifying therapies have significantly improved prognosis for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), effective treatments for the progressive, neurodegenerative phase are lacking.”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Most DMTs are approved for treatment of relapsing MS (RMS) [17], a smaller number have shown benefit in some SPMS populations [19, 22, 23], but only one DMT has shown efficacy for treatment of PPMS, underlining the unmet need of treatment options for these patients [20] (Table 2).”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“For example, IFN-γ has been proposed to play both stimulatory and suppressive roles in cancer, and type I IFNs are used both as an immunosuppressant to treat multiple sclerosis and as immunostimulatory adjuvant treatments for cancer (for example melanoma) and chronic viral infection (for example HCV)48–50.”
From Causal identification of single-cell experimental perturbation effects with CINEMA-OT (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
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Citations
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Caraffi, R., Rovesti, G., Rinaldi, A., Rodà, F., Ottonelli, I., Lucchi, C., Chiavelli, C., Cuoghi, S., Ruozi, B., Vandelli, M. A., et al. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15564-2.00009-3
Multiple Sclerosis. Some Features of Pathology and Prospects for Therapy. Part 2
Константиновна, Ф. Е., Vorobjeva, N. V., & Muntyan, M. S. (2024) · Advances in Gerontology · doi:10.1134/s2079057024600769
“…the recognition of the involvement not only of T-cell immunity, but also of the key role of B-cells in the pathogenesis of the disease, the use of new highly effective immunomodulatory drugs at early stages of the disease, which, as a rule, are registered in young patients, is recommended [2].”
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A Review of the Pathogenesis and Treatment Options of Multiple Sclerosis
王, 梓. (2025) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2025.152380
Bolomatov, N. V., Shulzhenko, E. A., Masaleva, I. O., & Павлович, М. И. (2025) · Bulletin of Pirogov National Medical & Surgical Center · doi:10.25881/20728255_2025_20_1_32
Multiple sclerosis. Some features of pathology and prospects for therapy. Part 2
Константиновна, Ф. Е., Vorobjeva, N. V., & Muntyan, M. S. (2024) · Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta Seria 16 Biologia · doi:10.55959/msu0137-0952-16-79-4-1
The BETTER model-based counseling on sexual activity among women with multiple sclerosis
Ghafoori, F., & Nayeri, N. D. (2025) · Payesh (Health Monitor) Journal · doi:10.61186/payesh.24.1.55
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Multipl Skleroz Tanısı Olan Hastaların Öz Yönetim Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi
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Advances in Clinical Immunology
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Artificial intelligence capabilities in multiple sclerosis
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Multiple Sclerosis-Reece Stigma Scale (MS-RSS) Turkish Adaptation: Validity and Reliability Study
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Molecular pathway of neurodegenerative diseases: Allopathic and herbal approaches
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“…patients were receiving pharmacological treatments, including beta interferons and corticosteroids, which have anti-inflammatory properties and modulate or suppress the immune response (Freeman et al., 2022; Hauser & Cree, 2020; Krajnc et al., 2022; Núñez, 2023; Pérez, 2021; Pérez et al., 2023).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hauser, S. L., & Cree, B. A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hauser, Stephen L.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1380-1390.e2
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7704606
- OpenAlex
- W3042308502
- Cited by
- 969
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 208 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 14.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novartis
- Roche
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35NS111644)
- TG Therapeutics
- Valhalla Foundation
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RR 2005-A-13)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, disease-modifying therapy, B-cell therapy, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, disability progression, symptom management, first-line therapy, long-term prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Multiple Sclerosis, Physical Therapy Modalities
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