Cited by 969Multiple Sclerosis Research StudiesPolyomavirus and related diseasesPsoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

Open access

Hauser, Stephen L., Cree, Bruce A.C.·2020·The American Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.049PMC PMC7704606

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults. Effective management requires a multifaceted approach to control acute attacks, manage progressive worsening, and remediate bothersome or disabling symptoms associated with this illness. Remarkable advances in treatment of all forms of MS, and especially for relapsing disease, have favorably changed the long-term outlook for many patients. There also has been a conceptual shift in understanding the immune pathology of MS, away from a purely T-cell-mediated model to recognition that B cells have a key role in pathogenesis. The emergence of higher-efficacy drugs requiring less frequent administration have made these preferred options in terms of tolerability and adherence. Many experts now recommend use of these as first-line treatment for many patients with early disease, before permanent disability is evident.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.049

Cites

81 of 81 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria
Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., Correale, J., Fazekas, F., Filippi, M., Freedman, M. S., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30470-2 · Cited by 8,167
New Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypic Classification
LUBLIN, F. D. (2014) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000367614 · Cited by 4,277
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Natalizumab for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Polman, C. H., O'Connor, P. W., Havrdová, E., Hutchinson, M., Kappos, L., Miller, D. H., Phillips, J. T., LUBLIN, F. D., Giovannoni, G., Wajgt, A., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa044397 · Cited by 3,433
Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions
Lublin, F. D., Reingold, S. C., Cohen, J. A., Cutter, G. R., Sørensen, P. S., Thompson, A. J., Wolinsky, J. S., Balcer, L. J., Banwell, B., Barkhof, F., et al. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000560 · Cited by 3,177
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Kappos, L., Radue, E. W., O'Connor, P. W., Polman, C. H., Hohlfeld, R., Calabresi, P. A., Selmaj, K. W., Agoropoulou, C., Leyk, M., Zhang-Auberson, L., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0909494 · Cited by 2,670
Intramuscular interferon beta‐1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Jacobs, L. D., Cookfair, D. L., Rudick, R. A., Herndon, R. M., Richert, J. R., Salazar, A. Μ., Fischer, J. S., Goodkin, D. E., Granger, C. V., Simon, J. H., et al. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390304 · Cited by 2,446
B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Hauser, S. L., Waubant, E., Arnold, D. L., Vollmer, T., Antel, J., Fox, R. J., Bar-Or, A., Panzara, M., Sarkar, N., Agarwal, S., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706383 · Cited by 2,439
Self-citation
Oral Fingolimod or Intramuscular Interferon for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Cohen, J. A., Barkhof, F., Comı, G., Hartung, H., Khatri, B. O., Montalbán, X., Pelletier, J., Capra, R., Gallo, P., Izquierdo, G., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907839 · Cited by 2,220
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis
Ebers, G. C. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03334-0 · Cited by 2,144
Interferon beta‐1b is effective in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.4.655 · Cited by 2,085

Show all 81 references

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 966

E-health literacy levels of multiple sclerosis patients in Lebanon
Lteif, M. R., Kalot, J., Jaouni, M. E., & Khoury, S. J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335084 · Cited by 5
“There is no cure for MS to date, however several disease modifying therapies are approved aimed at controlling disease progression, reducing the frequency of relapses, and managing symptoms [21].”
Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2040: A comprehensive analysis from the global burden of disease study
Tan, J., & Han, D. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107027 · Cited by 6
Approaches Towards Better Immunosuppressive Agents
Walczak, J. M., Iwaszkiewicz‐Grześ, D., & Cholewiński, G. (2024) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115680266292661240322072908 · Cited by 5
SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Cytokine Profiles to mRNA, Viral Vector and Protein-Based Vaccines in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Beyond Interferon Gamma
Rahbani, G. K. A., Woopen, C., Dunsche, M., Proschmann, U., Ziemssen, T., & Akgün, K. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12060684 · Cited by 5
“These, however, have been shown to interfere with and even suppress many desirable immune responses such as immune responses against vaccines [4–6].”
Background
Targeting the PAC1 receptor mitigates degradation of myelin and synaptic markers and diminishes locomotor deficits in the cuprizone demyelination model
Jansen, M. I., Mahmood, Y., Lee, J. J., Broome, S. T., Waschek, J. A., & Castorina, A. (2024) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16199 · Cited by 5
“Currently available disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) target the peripheral immune system and treated patients are subject to adverse effects due to the immunosuppressive functions (Dargahi et al., 2017; Gajofatto & Benedetti, 2015; Hauser & Cree, 2020).”
Delivery of Neuroregenerative Proteins to the Brain for Treatments of Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases
Ebert, E. T., Schwinghamer, K., & Siahaan, T. J. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14111456 · Cited by 7
“It is widely believed that MS is caused by circulating leukocytes penetrating the BBB, moving into the CNS, and attacking and destroying the myelin sheath, which coats the neuron axon, causing disruption in signal transmission for neurons [115,116].”
Impact of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Pain, Sleep Quality, Functional Status, and Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: A Comparative Study with Follow-Up
Zielińska-Nowak, E., Lipert, A., Kikowski, Ł., & Miller, E. D. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15020046 · Cited by 5
Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: A scoping review of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions
Quiroz, M. A. D., Chicue-Cuervo, P. C., Garcia-Moreno, L., Gaviria-Carrillo, M., Talero‐Gutiérrez, C., & Palacios‐Espinosa, X. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173241312527 · Cited by 5
Towards developing brain-computer interfaces for people with Multiple Sclerosis
Russo, J. S., Mahoney, T., Kokorin, K., Reynolds, A., Lin, C., John, S. E., & Grayden, D. B. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319811 · Cited by 5
The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and pharmacological application
Zhang, W., Zheng, X.-R., Yao, Y., Sun, W., & Shao, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1572140 · Cited by 5
TNFR2 Agonism: Basic Science and Promising Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Diseases
Faustman, D. L., Davis, M., & Kühtreiber, W. M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167839 · Cited by 7
“There are currently about 23 approved DMTs, most of which target neuroinflammation by T-and B-lymphocytes, the primary effectors of disease pathology [8,9].”
Integrated Cognitive Rehabilitation Home-Based Protocol to Improve Cognitive Functions in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study
Sharbafshaaer, M., Trojsi, F., Bonavita, S., & Azimi, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11123560 · Cited by 5
The barriers and facilitators to health-promoting lifestyle behaviors among people with multiple sclerosis during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a content analysis study
Salmani, S., Mousavi, S. H., Navardi, S., Hosseinzadeh, F., & Pashaeypoor, S. (2022) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-022-03019-z · Cited by 6
“People living with MS may lose their functioning, experience changes in their roles and abilities, and suffer from different symptoms and problems such as sensory disorders, muscle cramps, visual impairment, diplopia, fatigue, tremor, elimination problems, sexual dysfunction, numbness, and speech problems [4, 7].”
Background
Trajectories of disease-modifying therapies and associated sickness absence and disability pension among 1923 people with multiple sclerosis in Sweden
Teni, F. S., Machado, A., Murley, C., He, A. H., Fink, K., Gyllensten, H., Glaser, A., Alexanderson, K. A. E., Hillert, J. A., & Friberg, E. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104456 · Cited by 5
A DFT study on the probability of using the heteroatom decorated graphitic carbonitride (g-C3N4) species for delivering of three novel Multiple sclerosis drugs
Hsu, C., Al‐Hetty, H. R. A. K., Alsailawi, H. A., Islam, S., Shather, A. H., Mekkey, S. M., Ahmed, A. A., Hadrawi, S. K., & Kahi, N. A. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108605 · Cited by 6
Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: An update
Costa, J., Macaron, G., & Khaled, K. A. (2023) · Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.bionps.2023.100075 · Cited by 6
Comparison of Pharmacological Therapies in Relapse Rates in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Etta, I., Elballushi, R., Kolesnyk, V., Sia, K. P., Rehman, S., Arif, S., Moonnumackel, S. J., & Nair, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.45454 · Cited by 5
Self-pruning Graph Neural Network for Predicting Inflammatory Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis from Brain MR Images
Prabhakar, C., Li, H., Paetzold, J. C., Loehr, T., Niu, C., Mühlau, M., Rueckert, D., Wiestler, B., & Menze, B. H. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43993-3_22 · Cited by 5
A Comparative Diagnostic Study for Using the Contrast Agent in Active and Non-Active Multiple Sclerosis by Region of Interest Parameter
Sulaiman, A. A., abbas, H. K., Al-Samydai, A. M., Alkufi, H. K., kharaba, H. A. H., & Al-Hussaniy, H. A. (2023) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/2827 · Cited by 5
New insights in the pathogenic mechanism of multiple sclerosis: Is Epstein-Barr virus associated with optic nerve involvement?
Remolí-Sargues, L., Monferrer-Adsuara, C., López-Salvador, B., García–Villanueva, C., Gracia‐García, A., Castro-Navarro, V., & Cervera-Taulet, E. (2024) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/11206721241230567 · Cited by 5
Graphene oxide films as a novel tool for the modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cell activity in the context of multiple sclerosis
Camacho-Toledano, C., Machín-Díaz, I., Lebrón‐Galán, R., González‐Mayorga, A., Palomares, F. J., Serrano, M. C., & Clemente, D. (2024) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d3nr05351b · Cited by 5
Escalating to medium‐ versus high‐efficacy disease modifying therapy after low‐efficacy treatment in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
Müller, J., Roos, I., Kalinčík, T., Lorscheider, J., Galli, E., Benkert, P., Schädelin, S., Sharmin, S., Einsiedler, M., Hänni, P., et al. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3498 · Cited by 5
“Todate,morethan15diseasemodifyingtherapies(DMTs)arelicensed forthetreatmentofrelapsingremittingmultiplesclerosis(RRMS),with different modes of action, routes of administration and adverse events (Hauser & Cree, 2020).”
Background
Breaking boundaries: the transformative role of exercise in managing multiple sclerosis
Saedmocheshi, S., Yousfi, N., & Chamari, K. (2023) · EXCLI journal · doi:10.17179/excli2024-6932 · Cited by 5
The Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Xue, C., Yu, H., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Pei, X., Chen, Y., & Guan, Y. (2024) · Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.2174/011574888x305349240511125540 · Cited by 5
Transformative impact of positive psychotherapy‐based hope placement program on life goals and hope level of individuals with multiple sclerosis
Güler, K. G., Keskin, S. G., & Terzi, M. (2024) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13389 · Cited by 5
Proteome Profiling of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model and the Effect of a SUMO E1 Inhibitor
Du, Y., Yang, L., Wang, X., Jiang, N., Zhou, Y., Chen, R., & Li, H. (2024) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00229 · Cited by 5
Is there an association between multiple sclerosis and osteoarthritis in Germany? A retrospective cohort study of 8,600 patients from Germany
Jacob, L., Smith, L., Koyanagi, A., Haro, J. M., Konrad, M., Tanislav, C., & Kostev, K. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173211022784 · Cited by 5
The Impact of Motor Disability and the Level of Fatigue on Adherence to Therapeutic Recommendations in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Immunomodulation
Ślusarz, R., Olkiewicz, J., Bonek, R., Filipska, K., Biercewicz, M., & Wiśniewski, A. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.61964 · Cited by 5
An appraisal of antigen identification and IgG effector functions driving host immune responses in multiple sclerosis
Yu, X., Zizzo, Z., & Kennedy, P. G. E. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103328 · Cited by 5
“B cell depletion is known to be associated with interruption of B cell trafficking from the peripheral compartment to the CNS, reduced B cell antigen presentation to T cells, modulation of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and also reduced activation and differentiation to immunoglobulin-secreting plasmablasts [24,8…”
Background
Establishment of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Multiple Sclerosis Patients.
Begentas, O. C., Koc, D., & Kırıs, E. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/7651_2021_453 · Cited by 4
Comparison of Serum Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) Levels in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls
Tekin, S., Bir, L. S., Avcı, E., Şenol, H., Tekin, I., & ÇINKIR, U. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.26981 · Cited by 5
“Further research on the merit of early treatment and powerful agents is important for evidence-based approaches to treating and managing MS [22].”
Background
Interferon Beta-1a versus Combined Interferon Beta-1a and Oligodendrocyte-Specific FGFR1 Deletion in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Rajendran, R., Rajendran, V., Gupta, L., Shirvanchi, K., Schunin, D., Karnati, S., Giraldo‐Velásquez, M., & Berghoff, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232012183 · Cited by 5
Current and future trends in multiple sclerosis management: Near East perspective
Hatem, A. O., Ayoubi, N. K. E., Habahbeh, M., Ghanim, Z., Al-Naqshbandi, M., Raki, A., Joudi, H., & Sahraian, M. A. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104800 · Cited by 5
Neurological Disorders and Challenges in Their Theranostics
Kumar, P., Zelena, D., & Gautam, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9510-3_1 · Cited by 6
Epidemiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Profile of Uveitis in Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter Study
Fitoussi, R., Gascon, P., Denis, D., Mathis, T., Tieulé, N., Schneider-Rouhaud, C., Attia, R., David, T., & Stolowy, N. (2024) · Ocular Immunology and Inflammation · doi:10.1080/09273948.2024.2337839 · Cited by 5
Combining Human Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis with Oxidative Stress Phenotype for Drug Repositioning
Olla, S., Steri, M., Formato, A., Whalen, M. B., Corbisiero, S., & Agresti, C. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13122064 · Cited by 6
“It is found worldwide, with the highest prevalence (>100 cases per hundred thousand) in the populations of Western Europe, North America and Australasia, with considerably lower prevalence (<30 cases per hundred thousand) in populations that live nearer to the equator [2].”
Background
Neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated people with multiple sclerosis
Gyang, T. V., Evans, J. P., Miller, J. S., Alcorn, K., Peng, J., Bell, E. H., Zeng, C., Gumina, R. J., Liu, S., & Segal, B. M. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173221087357 · Cited by 5
“These DMTs employ a variety of mechanisms with immunomodulatory effects.([2]) While these drugs have been instrumental in improving the prognosis of people with MS (pwMS), they are not without consequences.”
Background
Anionic lipids modulate mRNA-lipid nanoparticle immunogenicity and confer protection in a mouse model of multiple sclerosisPreprint
Melamed, J. R., Muscat-Rivera, J., Kegel, M., Chaboub, L. S., Perez‐Tremble, R., Bhalla, N. S., Ni, H., Sun, H., & Weissman, D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683125 · Cited by 5
Multiple sclerosis and vascular nexus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence and mortality
Ketata, I., & Ellouz, E. (2024) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2024.10.007 · Cited by 4
Plasma microRNA Signature as Predictive Marker of Clinical Response to Therapy During Multiple Sclerosis
Carbone, F., Colamatteo, A., Micillo, T., Abbadessa, G., Garavelli, S., Fusco, C., Russo, C., Perna, F., Garziano, F., Rocca, C. L., et al. (2025) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70093 · Cited by 4
Carvacrol-based nanoemulsions loaded with dimethyl fumarate intended for nose to brain delivery for treatment of multiple sclerosis
Tareen, F. K., Perteghella, S., Catenacci, L., Ghiozzi, G., Cama, E. S., della Cuna, F. S. R., Sorrenti, M., & Bonferoni, M. C. (2025) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-025-01912-x · Cited by 4
Boosting the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Advanced Preconditioning for Neurodegenerative Disorders
D’Arrigo, C., Labbate, S., & Galante, D. (2025) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/sci/2616653 · Cited by 5
“MS is an autoimmune NDs and is characterized by in ﬂ ammation with demyelination, astroglial proliferation (gliosis), and neurodegeneration [8].”
From inflammation to intervention: exploring shared mechanisms and lifestyle strategies in diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis
Lama, K., Bhutia, G. T., Deka, R., Beeraka, N. M., & Gupta, S. K. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115467 · Cited by 6
Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on balance control in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhang, L., Sun, Y., Diao, Z., Jiang, Y.-F., Hu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1696343 · Cited by 5
Targeting the microbiome-NLRP3-ferroptosis axis in multiple sclerosis: Neuropharmacological implications for microglial dysfunction and demyelination
Fawzy, M. N., Abdelaziz, A. M., Shokr, M. M., & Fathy, M. K. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.111042 · Cited by 4
Electroacupuncture at ST36 acupoint regulates stem cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Chen, X., Wang, Y., Ji, J., Li, C., Zhuang, W., Luo, J., Shi, Y., Lin, Q., Wu, J., Li, A., et al. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110856 · Cited by 4
The interaction between exercise and neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Salamatullah, H. K., Alkhiri, A., Ezzi, S., Alghamdi, G. A., Alharbi, G., Alzahrani, W. S. S., Alghaythee, H. K., Almaghrabi, A. A., Alturki, F., Alamri, A. F., et al. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105809 · Cited by 5
Disclosing the Novel Protective Mechanisms of Ocrelizumab in Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of PKC Beta and Its Down-Stream Targets
Campagnoli, L. I. M., Ahmad, L., Marchesi, N., Greco, G., Boschi, F., Masi, F., Mallucci, G., Bergamaschi, R., Colombo, E., & Pascale, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25168923 · Cited by 4
“To date, disease-modifying therapies have proved successful in slowing disease progression by reducing the inflammatory activity related to relapses, but the control of progression independent of relapses is still an issue [2,3].”
Background
Personality traits in patients with multiple sclerosis: their association with nicotine dependence and polypharmacy
Meißner, J., Frahm, N., Hecker, M., Langhorst, S. E., Mashhadiakbar, P., Streckenbach, B., Burian, K., Baldt, J., Heidler, F., Richter, J., et al. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864241279118 · Cited by 5
“9,10 For this purpose, immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) are used.”
The Impact of α-Lipoic Acid Treatment on Multiple Sclerosis Disability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Rodrigues, P., Viero, F. T., & Trevisan, G. (2025) · Sclerosis · doi:10.3390/sclerosis3010004 · Cited by 4
“Despite advancements in treatment, existing medications, such as interferon-beta (IFN-β ), monoclonal antibodies, fingolimod, and glatiramer acetate, exhibit limitations, particularly in addressing progressive forms of MS, and are associated with adverse effects [5–7].”
Longitudinal Identification of Pre‐Lesional Tissue in Multiple Sclerosis With Advanced Diffusion MRI
Caranova, M., Soares, J. F., Pereira, D. J., Lima, A. C., Sousa, L., Batista, S., Castelo-Branco, M. S., & Duarte, J. V. (2025) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.70022 · Cited by 4
Immunomodulatory effects of calorie restriction and its mimetics: A new potential therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases
Sen, M. K., Liao, E., Ni, D., Ge, A., & Piccio, L. M. (2025) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2025.100063 · Cited by 5
Safety of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: real-world data from the Austrian MS Treatment Registry (AMSTR)
Monschein, T., Untersteiner, H., Ponleitner, M., Krajnc, N., Zrzavy, T., Bsteh, G., Rommer, P. S., Kornek, B., Enzinger, C., Pauli, F. D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13473-7 · Cited by 4
Role of the NLRP3-Q705K polymorphism in the pathogenesis of inflammatory-mediated diseases: A brief look at impacts of the Q705 polymorphism and NLRP3 activation on cancer immunotherapy
Asgharifar, S. F., & Heris, M. J. (2022) · Human Gene · doi:10.1016/j.humgen.2022.201057 · Cited by 4
Dupilumab in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis and multiple sclerosis
Esposito, M., Berardinis, A. D., Totaro, R., & Fargnoli, M. C. (2022) · JAAD Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2022.10.031 · Cited by 4
“The clinical phenotype was suggestive of moderate to severe prurigo-like AD.”
BackgroundInfluential
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy or severe multiple sclerosis relapse following COVID-19 vaccine: a diagnostic challenge
D’Apolito, M., Rispoli, M. G., Ajdinaj, P., Digiovanni, A., Tomassini, V., Gentile, L., & Luca, G. D. (2023) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06609-y · Cited by 4
Mesenchymal Stem Cells as A New Approach for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Literature Review
Jafarinia, M., Rostami, A., Abbasi, Y., Asadian, A., Enani, H., & Jamalnia, S. (2022) · Galen Medical Journal · doi:10.31661/gmj.v11i.2529 · Cited by 4
Salivary Oxidative Status and the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio in Multiple Sclerosis
Varol, Ç., Kırzıoğlu, F. Y., Demirci, S., Ünlü, M. D., Calapoğlu, M., & Orhan, H. (2023) · Turkish Journal Of Neurology · doi:10.4274/tnd.2022.15985 · Cited by 4
Adherence and persistence to self-administered disease-modifying therapies in patients with multiple sclerosis: A multisite analysis
Zuckerman, A. D., DeClercq, J., Simonson, D. A., Zagel, A. L., Turco, E., Banks, A. M., Wawrzyniak, J., Rightmier, E., Blevins, A., & Choi, L. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104738 · Cited by 4
Interplay between age and disease-modifying treatments in influencing infection risk in multiple sclerosis
Jacober, S. L. S., Disanto, G., Sacco, R., Meng, D., Mallucci, G., Candrian, U., Semini, S., Tiberti, M., Gobbi, C., & Zecca, C. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585231199820 · Cited by 5
Understanding multiple sclerosis and the nurse's role
Thornton, K., Cockerell, K. L., & Spencer, M. (2023) · Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! · doi:10.1097/nme.0000000000000025 · Cited by 4
Investigating the Mitoprotective Effects of S1P Receptor Modulators Ex Vivo Using a Novel Semi-Automated Live Imaging Set-Up
Ludwig, R., Malla, B., Höhrhan, M., Infante‐Duarte, C., & Anderhalten, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010261 · Cited by 4
“Most of the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) approved for RRMS aim to reduce the number of relapses and prevent or postpone the transition to SPMS, although most of them, so far, had little impact on disability accumulation [19].”
Background
Comparative efficacy of ofatumumab versus oral therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis patients using propensity score analyses and simulated treatment comparisons
Riley, N., Drudge, C., Nelson, M., Haltner, A., Barnett, M. H., Broadley, S., Butzkueven, H., McCombe, P., van der Walt, A., Wong, E. O. Y., et al. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864241239453 · Cited by 4
Examination of the shared genetic architecture between multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus facilitates discovery of novel lupus risk loci
Kerns, S., Owen, K. A., Schwalbe, D. C., Grammer, A. C., & Lipsky, P. E. (2024) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-024-02672-3 · Cited by 4
“MS is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by neurodegeneration and autoantibody-driven demyelination (Hauser and Cree 2020).”
Multiple sclerosis treatment review for primary care providers
Hernandez, J. (2024) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000000000000202 · Cited by 4
“Natalizumab blocks alpha-4 integrin”
The effect of education of self-care behaviors on the quality of life and resilience of multiple sclerosis patients
Rakhshani, T., Afroozeh, S., Kashfi, S. M., Kamyab, A., & Jeihooni, A. K. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03777-y · Cited by 7
Demyelination in cuprizone mice is ameliorated by calycosin mediated through astrocyte Nrf2 signaling pathway
Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Lu, Q., Zhao, Y., Cruz, J. A., Ma, J., Ding, G., Qiao, X., & Cheng, X. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177090 · Cited by 3
Effect of Different Treatments on Retinal Thickness Changes in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Adibi, A., Adibi, I., & Javidan, M. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70225 · Cited by 4
Uncovering the Causal Link Between Obesity‐Associated Genes and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Literature Review
Jafari, A., Khoshdooz, S., Bafrani, M. A., Bakhshimoghaddam, F., Abbasi, H., & Doaei, S. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70439 · Cited by 4
“A multifaceted approach is typically employed in managing patients with MS (Hauser and Cree 2020).”
Information processing speed modulation by electrical brain stimulation in multiple sclerosis: towards individually tailored protocols
Riemann, S., Mittelstaedt, M., Glatzki, M., Zilges, C., Wolff, C., Niemann, F., Roheger, M., Flöel, A., Grothe, M., & Meinzer, M. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf223 · Cited by 4
“A post hoc test showed a beta value for stimulation around 0, and a small increase of evidence from the prior model ( β = 0.03, 95% CI = − 0.18 to 0.23, evidence ratio = 9.44), suggesting that adverse effects were comparable between active and sham conditions (see Supplementary Table 11).”
Influential
Safe and Efficient Sigma1 Ligand: A Potential Drug Candidate for Multiple Sclerosis
Oxombre, B., Madouri, F., Journé, A., Ravez, S., Woitrain, E., Odou, P., Duhal, N., Ninni, S., Montaigne, D., Delhem, N., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911893 · Cited by 5
“The impact of currently approved drugs is limited on disability in the progressive forms of MS [3].”
Background
Presentation of Human Neural Stem Cell Antigens Drives Regulatory T Cell Induction
Greilach, S. A., McIntyre, L. L., Nguyen, Q., Silva, J. S., Kessenbrock, K., Lane, T. E., & Walsh, C. M. (2023) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2200798 · Cited by 4
Should autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation be offered as a first-line disease modifying therapy to patients with multiple sclerosis?
Mariottini, A., Muraro, P. A., & Saccardi, R. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104932 · Cited by 4
“Although different DMTs reduce, to a variable extent, new focal inflammatory events (relapses, and new/gadolinium-enhancing lesions at MRI), their efficacy in halting disability accrual is overall moderate, especially in progressive disease (Hauser and Cree, 2020).”
Multiple sclerosis is associated with adverse outcomes following hip and knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Cheng, T., Mao, X., & Hao, L. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104956 · Cited by 4
Enhanced Detection of White Matter Hyperintensities via Deep Learning-Enabled MR Imaging Segmentation
Uçar, G., & Dandıl, E. (2024) · Traitement du signal · doi:10.18280/ts.410101 · Cited by 4
Animal model of multiple sclerosis: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Muñoz-Jurado, A., Escribano, B. M., & Túnez, I. (2024) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.03.013 · Cited by 5
An Update on Noninfectious Retinal Vasculitis
Menia, N. K., Alcibahy, Y., Pichi, F., Neri, P., & Agarwal, A. K. (2024) · Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1159/000539608 · Cited by 4
“RV has been reported in 11% of cases of MS [15, 121].”
Work experience of the demyelination pathology unit in the city of Krasnoyarsk related to investigation of the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis
Nikonova, E. V., Abdullayev, M. B., Pervunina, A. V., & Abroskina, M. V. (2021) · Siberian medical review · doi:10.20333/25000136-2021-3-73-79 · Cited by 4
Do prodrome symptoms influence multiple sclerosis disease course and severity?
Vienažindytė, I., Cesarskaja, J., Vaičiulytė, D., Balnytė, R., & Matijošaitis, V. (2022) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110888 · Cited by 4
WITHDRAWN: Border-associated macrophages in the central nervous system
Sun, R., & Jiang, H. (2024) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2024.109921 · Cited by 4
Retracted
Quantifying cortical lesions in large legacy multiple sclerosis clinical trial MRI datasets using multi-contrast post-processing and deep learningPreprint
Dwyer, M. G., Bergsland, N., Bartnik, A., Jakimovski, D., Noteboom, S., Schoonheim, M. M., Steenwijk, M. D., Pei, J., Clayton, D., & Zivadinov, R. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.25325461 · Cited by 4
Clinical, immunological and neuroimaging spectrum of CNS lupus: can we reliably differentiate it from MS?
Wójcicka-Frankiewicz, A., Pawlak, M. A., & Kalinowska, A. (2024) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.5603/pjnns.103538 · Cited by 8
Morroniside ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating gut microenvironment, immune balance, and NF-κB neuroinflammatory pathway
Jiang, T., Zhai, S., Zheng, T., Chen, X., Wang, L., Wang, Q., & Wang, M. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04383-6 · Cited by 3
“As a result, it is impossible to fundamentally reverse the progression of disability in patients in the late stage (Hauser and Cree 2020; Amin and Hersh 2023).”
Cost-Consequence Analysis of Natalizumab Compared with Other High-Efficacy Treatments in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Prosperini, L., Morra, V. B., Fornari, C., Santoni, L., Perini, D., Bergamaschi, R., & Cortesi, P. A. (2025) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-025-01539-3 · Cited by 3
“The availability of new products and the change in natalizumab modality of administration have raised some questions about their relative value in terms of clinical, economic, and social view-points [8–10].”
Neuroprotective Effects of Vesatolimod in EAE: Modulating Immune Balance and Microglial Polarization
Chen, X., Zhang, J., & Mu, S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26199297 · Cited by 3
“This is largely due to the inability of current therapies to adequately target CNS-resident inflammation and neurodegeneration, as they primarily act on peripheral immune mechanisms [3,7].”
Assessment of changes in fatigue and cognitive functioning in the absence of progression independent of relapse activity
Glanz, B. I., Chitnis, T., Weiner, H. L., & Healy, B. C. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106786 · Cited by 3
Real-world brain volumetry in multiple sclerosis: importance of methodological consistency and clinical relevance of gray matter atrophy
Temmerman, J., Vanremoortel, A., Bjerke, M., D'hooghe, M. B., Nagels, G., Pauwels, A., Sima, D. M., Smeets, D., Schependom, J. V., Wittens, M. M. J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1637835 · Cited by 4
“…from a (non-exclusive) combination of mitochondrial dysfunction in chronically demyelinated axons, submeningeal lymphocytic clustering with damage to the underlying cortex, and pathogenic microglial activity around slowly expanding focal lesions and/or diffusely throughout the white matter (2, 3).”
Is therapy-free remission a realistic goal with cladribine tablets in multiple sclerosis? New insights into the mechanism of action and clinical implications of immune reconstitution with cladribine tablets in MS therapy
Kleinschnitz, C., Skripuletz, T., Pfeuffer, S., Pawlitzki, M., Rieckmann, P., Penner, I., Knaup, J., Wagner, T. B., Hübschen, M., Hellwig, K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13530-1 · Cited by 3
“These include focal MS lesions, B cell rich lymphoid aggregates in the meninges, widespread diffuse microglial inflammation and astrogliosis throughout the CNS white matter, as well as age-related neurodegeneration [28].”
Direct Medical Costs Associated with Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Single-Center Cost of Illness Analysis
Alghamdi, A. A., Almutairi, H., Alnasser, G. A., Alsoina, S., & Aljaber, N. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13243229 · Cited by 3
“Additional interventions such as symptomatic management, lifestyle modification, rehabilitation, and psychological support may also contribute to modest improvements in the quality of life and reductions in productivity loss [16].”
Factors associated with the progression of disability (EDSS) among MS patients
Noriega, A. A., Zapata-Berruecos, J., Vargas, J. A. G., Garcia, J. C., Rojas‐Gualdrón, D. F., & Restrepo-Botero, M. (2025) · eNeurologicalSci · doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2025.100602 · Cited by 3
“Its etiology is still unknown, and there is a complex relationship between genetic and environmental factors [1].”
AI-Based Classification and Advances in Diagnosing and Treating Neurological and Sleep Disorders
Siddiqui, M. M., Valsalan, P., & Kidwai, M. S. (2025) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/3279 · Cited by 3
Therapeutic targeting of oligodendrocytes in an agent-based model of multiple sclerosis
Weatherley, G. R., Araujo, R. P., Dando, S. J., & Jenner, A. L. (2026) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013273 · Cited by 3
Therapeutic applications of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer: A recent update
Nethaji, K., Shibili, P. A., Dey, A., Nambidi, S., Banerjee, A., Barbon, S., Pathak, S., & Duttaroy, A. K. (2026) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2026.01.006 · Cited by 3
A proof-of-concept study on the relationship between lifetime Estrogen exposure, menopausal transition, and neurodegeneration in women with multiple sclerosis
Ianniello, A., Piervincenzi, C., Pozzilli, C., Satriano, F., Petsas, N., Giglio, L. D., Nistri, R., Tommasin, S., Pantano, P., & Bagnato, F. R. (2026) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2026.125854 · Cited by 3
Evolving understandings for the roles of CD38 protein in autoimmunity and autoimmune disease
Ye, X., Zhang, J., Song, M., Wang, P., Arés, I., López-Torres, B., Martínez, M., Martínez‐Larrañaga, M., Maximiliano, J.-E., Anadón, A., et al. (2026) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1093/cei/uxag014 · Cited by 3
In situ generation of EBNA1 CAR-T cells eradicates antigen specific auto-immune B cells for multiple sclerosis treatment
Shi, C., Han, M., Yang, H., Zhao, X., Zheng, Z., Wang, H., Fu, Z., Dai, K., Zhao, K., Li, N., et al. (2026) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2026.03.033 · Cited by 4
“However, experimental and clinical efforts used thus far to clear activated B cells, such as radiation and CD20 mAbs have the potential to increase the risk of off-target effects on the immune system, resulting in immune deficiency 42-45 .”
Serum metabolic profile at clinical onset as predictor of multiple sclerosis activity and progression after 5 years
Peng, X., Bjørnevik, K., Clish, C. B., Edan, G., Freedman, M., Hartung, H.-P., Montalbán, X., Sandbrink, R., Kühle, J., Barkhof, F., et al. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585261435409 · Cited by 3
An overview of reviews with network meta-analyses comparing disease-modifying therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis
Drudge, C., Samjoo, I. A., Brennan, R., Badgujar, L., Khurana, V., Tiwari, S., Adlard, N., & Banhazi, J. (2023) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl-2023-0009 · Cited by 3
Disease-modifying therapies
Sriwastava, S., Beard, K., Amatya, S., Shrestha, K., Jaiswal, S., & Lisak, R. P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95343-6.00014-5 · Cited by 3
Demystifying multiple sclerosis diagnosis using interpretable and understandable artificial intelligence
Chadaga, K., Khanna, V. V., Prabhu, S., Sampathila, N., Chadaga, R., & Palkar, A. (2024) · Journal of Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1515/jisys-2024-0077 · Cited by 3
“However, several treatments and medicines have been included to reduce the severe symptoms and slow their progression [9].”

Authors: Hauser, S. L., & Cree, B. A. C.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Hauser, Stephen L.
ORCID: Hauser, Stephen L.
Cree, Bruce A.C.
Venue: The American Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-12
Volume: 133
Issue: 12
Pages: 1380-1390.e2
ISSN: 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.049
PMC: PMC7704606
OpenAlex: W3042308502
Cited by: 969
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 149 · 2025: 208 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 7
FWCI: 14.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Novartis
Roche
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R35NS111644)
TG Therapeutics
Valhalla Foundation
National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RR 2005-A-13)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
Keywords: multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, disease-modifying therapy, B-cell therapy, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, disability progression, symptom management, first-line therapy, long-term prognosis
MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Multiple Sclerosis, Physical Therapy Modalities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks