Incidence of Clostridium perfringens and its toxin genes in the gut of children with autism spectrum disorder
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the incidence of Clostridium perfringens and their toxin genes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringens isolates. A hundred and fourteen fecal samples were obtained from children aged 3-12 years old (57 samples from ASD children and 57 from healthy controls). Children were divided into four groups based on their gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms as follows: ASD group with and without GI symptoms, and control group with and without GI symptoms. Selective anaerobic media and VITEK®2 ANC ID card were used for isolation and identification of C. perfringens from fecal samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringnes isolates were performed using (E-Test) strips against clindamycin, penicillin and metronidazole antibiotics. Conventional PCR was used to detect the alpha toxin gene (Cpa) and the beta-2 toxin gene (Cpb2). Genetic Analyzer 3130Xi was used to confirm the sequencing of Cpb2 gene. Our findings indicated that 38.6% of ASD group samples had a significantly (p = 0.003) higher incidence of C. perfringens than that of the control group (14%). The highest incidence of C. perfringens was found in the ASD group with GI symptoms (53.8%; p = 0.001). C. perfringens isolated from the ASD group (54.5%) were significantly (p = 0.047) more resistant to clindamycin than those isolated from the control group (12.5%). The C. perfringens isolates from the ASD and the control group showed 95.5% and 100% susceptibility to penicillin, respectively. All C. perfringens isolates of ASD and control group were susceptible to metronidazole. The Cpa toxin gene was also detected in all the C. perfringens isolates of ASD and control group, both with and without GI symptoms. Cpb2 toxin gene showed 100% incidence in ASD samples with GI symptoms and in the control groups both with or without GI symptoms, while it was present at significantly lower levels (25%) in the ASD samples without GI symptoms (p = 0.001). Our findings suggests that a high incidence of C. perfringens and its toxin gene (Cpb2) are associated with the GI complications in ASD which may affect the severity of the disease.
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An association between the presence of beta2-toxin gene in the gut microbiome and development of ASD was reported.
“association between the presence of beta2-toxin gene (produced by Clostridium perfringens) in the gut microbiome and development of ASD was reported [243].”
From The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [243]
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- Authors
- Alshammari, M. K., AlKhulaifi, M. M., Al Farraj, D. A., Somily, A. M., & Albarrag, A. M.
- Affiliations
- King Saud University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- AlKhulaifi, Manal M.
- Venue
- Anaerobe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 61
- Pages
- 102114
- ISSN
- 1075-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2988380509
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anaerobe (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- King Saud University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- Clostridium perfringens, autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, gastrointestinal symptoms, alpha toxin gene, antimicrobial susceptibility, clindamycin resistance, children, fecal samples, toxin gene detection, penicillin susceptibility, metronidazole susceptibility, gut dysbiosis, neurodevelopmental disorders, gut-brain axis
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Toxins, Child, Child, Preschool, Clostridium Infections, Clostridium perfringens, Female, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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