Microbiome-Gut-Mucosal-Immune-Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Proposal of the Role of Gut Microbiome in ASD Aetiology
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by poor social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and stereotyped interests. Due of the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASD, researchers have investigated the gut microbiota as a potential contributor to its aetiology. The relationship between the microbiome, gut, and brain (microbiome-gut-brain axis) has been acknowledged as a key factor in modulating brain function and social behaviour, but its connection to the aetiology of ASD is not well understood. Recently, there has been increasing attention on the relationship between the immune system, gastrointestinal disorders, and neurological issues in ASD, particularly in relation to the loss of specific species or a decrease in microbial diversity. It focuses on how gut microbiota dysbiosis can affect gut permeability, immune function, and microbiota metabolites in ASD. Although a very complete study suggests that dysbiosis is a consequence of the disease and that it has practically no effect on autistic manifestations. This is a review of the relationship between the immune system, microbial diversity, and the microbiome-gut-brain axis in the development of autistic symptoms severity and, a proposal of a novel role of gut microbiome in ASD, where dysbiosis is a consequence of ASD-related behaviour and where dysbiosis in turn accentuates the autistic manifestations of the patients via microbiome-gut-brain axis in a feedback circuit.
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The most notable alterations in ASD gut microbiota include different prevalences of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Prevotella, and Akkermansia.
“The most notable alterations included the different prevalences of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Prevotella, and Akkermansia.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [91]
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The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Młynarska, E., Barszcz, E., Budny, E., Gajewska, A., Kopeć, K., Wasiak, J., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071135 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Neuroinflammatory Mediated Mechanism of Pathogenesis?
Zarimeidani, F., Rahmati, R., Mostafavi, M., Darvishi, M., Khodadadi, S., Mohammadi, M., Shamlou, F., Bakhtiyari, S., & Alipourfard, I. (2024) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-024-02061-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- De Sales-Millán, A., Aguirre-Garrido, J. F., González-Cervantes, R. M., & Velázquez-Aragón, J. A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavioral Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-05-17
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 548-548
- ISSN
- 2076-328X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10376175
- OpenAlex
- W4382983015
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioral Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria (Recursos Fiscales 2022-2023)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, microbiome-gut-brain axis, gut dysbiosis, intestinal permeability, immune function, microbial diversity, gastrointestinal diseases, microbiota metabolites, neurodevelopmental disorders
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