Exploratory randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention for women

In the paper

“but no significant differences in weight loss or mental health”

In the paper

“but no significant differences in weight loss or mental health”

In the paper

“At 6 months intervention participants showed significantly greater increases in physical activity compared to controls (p<.05)”

In the paper

“However, when intervention participants who reported 'never' applying the workshop principles at 6 months (n=7) were excluded, results showed both significantly greater increases in physical activity (3.1 sessions per week relative to controls, p<.05)”

In the paper

“and significantly greater reductions in BMI (0.96 relative to controls, equivalent to 2.32kg, p<0.5)”

In the paper

“but a significant effect on physical activity, F(1, 60) = 6.63, p<.013.”

In the paper

“but no significant improvement in fit with the addition of the intervention (R 2 = 0.31, p=.15).”

In the paper

“Results showed a significant effect of binge eating change (R 2 = 0.26, β = 0.51, p<.001)”

In the paper

“or on mental health difficulties, F(1, 60) = 1.29, p = 0.26”

In the paper

“but no significant correlations with change in external eating, EEQ emotional eating, AAQ and dietary adherence.”

In the paper

“and a trend towards a significant improvement in fit with the addition of the intervention (R 2 = 0.18, p=.11).”

In the paper

“Independent t-tests revealed that, compared to controls, those in the intervention group showed significantly greater reductions in BMI, t(38)=2.24, p=.031 (effect size 0.20)”

In the paper

“This showed a significant correlation with BMI change of -0.51, p<.05”

In the paper

“Results also showed a significant effect of physical activity change on BMI change (R 2 = 0.14, β = -0.37, p<.05)”

In the paper

“and a significant improvement in fit with the addition of binge eating change (R 2 = 0.31, p<.01).”

In the paper

“or change in mental health difficulties, t(45)=0.87, p=0.39.”

In the paper

“(and a nonsignificant correlation with physical activity change of 0.20).”

In the paper

“For physical activity change results showed no significant correlation with change in AAQ or dietary adherence.”

In the paper

“and a trend towards a significant improvement in fit with the addition of physical activity change (R 2 = 0.15, p=.099).”

In the paper

“Pearson's correlation coefficients revealed that increases in physical activity change were also significantly correlated with reductions in BMI (r=-0.37, p<.05).”

In the paper

“Results showed a significant effect of the intervention (R 2 = 0.13, β = 0.36, p<.05)”

In the paper

“0.19 (9.76) and 0.88 (6.91) respectively for mental health difficulties.”

In the paper

“For mental health difficulties results showed a significant correlation with AAQ (-0.56, p<.001).”

In the paper

“Indeed, many participants reported that they would have liked a greater number of sessions (Tapper et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tapper et al., 2007

In the paper

“There were no group differences in mental health difficulties, t(38)=0.26, NS.”

In the paper

“the results are promising with intervention participants losing 1.35kg more than controls at 6 months”

In the paper

“but no difference in BMI change, t(45)=1.40, p=0.17”

In the paper

“and significantly greater increases in physical activity, t(38)=2.36, p=.023 (effect size 0.35).”

In the paper

“Independent t-tests revealed that, compared to controls, intervention participants showed a significantly greater increase in physical activity, t(44)=2.46, p=.018”

In the paper

“participants reported some difficulty understanding and utilising the willingness/acceptance part of the programme, often confusing the aim with relaxation.”

In the paper

“Results showed a trend towards significance, F(3, 41)=2.54, p=.054.”

In the paper

“Mean change scores (and SDs) were -0.92 (1.58) and -0.04 (0.91) respectively for BMI”

In the paper

“Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a mindfulnessbased therapy that has also been successfully used to treat addictive behaviours such as drug abuse and smoking.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gifford et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Hayes, Wilson et al., 2004

In the paper

“Such measures have also been shown to be associated with retrospective accounts of adult weight gain (Hays et al., 2002, see also Kayman, Bruvold & Stern, 1990)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hays et al., 2002 source
• Not checked yetcites Kayman, Bruvold & Stern, 1990

In the paper

“and to predict weight regain following weight loss (McGuire et al., 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McGuire et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“It is likely that experiential avoidance is involved in both emotional and external eating behaviours.”

In the paper

“it is estimated that less than 5% of those who lose weight will have maintained these losses after 4 to 5 years (Kramer, Jeffery, Forster & Snell 1989)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kramer, Jeffery, Forster & Snell 1989

In the paper

“However, where an individual is trying to lose weight, or eat healthily, and is attempting to resist overeating in response to these cues, it is likely that he or she will experience difficult thoughts, feelings and/or bodily sensations.”

In the paper

“Despite its brevity, the intervention was successful at bringing about change.”

In the paper

“Research suggests that this is a result of the individual failing to maintain healthy eating and exercise habits (Jeffery et al., 2000; McGuire, Wing, Klem, Lang & Hill, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jeffery et al., 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites McGuire, Wing, Klem, Lang & Hill, 1999 source

In the paper

“Recent advances in psychotherapy suggest that mindfulness-based techniques and therapies may be an effective alternative to CBT for a wide range of clinical and non-clinical problems (Bishop et al., 2004; Hayes et al., 2006; Hayes, Masuda et al., 2004; Teasdale et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bishop et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Hayes et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Hayes, Masuda et al., 2004

In the paper

“Reductions in BMI were mediated primarily by reductions in binge eating.”

In the paper

“Given the high relapse rates amongst dieters, an ACT based approach to weight loss may have potential.”

In the paper

“Since ACT directly targets experiential avoidance it may therefore be effective in bringing about reductions in emotional and external eating behaviours.”

In the paper

“Failure to resist desert may therefore be viewed as an attempt to avoid or control these cravings and thus also a form of experiential avoidance.”

In the paper

“Research shows that questionnaire measures of these types of eating behaviours are positively associated with BMI and obesity (Blair, Lewis & Booth, 1990; Braet & Van Strien, 1997; Delehanty et al., 2002; Hays et al., 2002; Wardle, 1987) 1 .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Blair, Lewis & Booth, 1990 source
• Not checked yetcites Braet & Van Strien, 1997
• Not checked yetcites Delehanty et al., 2002

In the paper

“Emotional eating occurs in response to negative emotions and there is evidence to suggest that it may be an attempt to distract attention from, or alleviate, these feelings (Tice & Bratslavsky, 2000, see also House of Commons Health Committee, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tice & Bratslavsky, 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites House of Commons Health Committee, 2004

In the paper

“and reported significantly lower levels of physical activity, 5.3 (4.2) versus 7.3 (3.7) respectively, t(60)=2.04, p<.05.”

In the paper

“Given possible sex differences in psychological determinants of weight gain and loss, with females potentially engaging in more emotional eating than males (Tanofsky, Wilfey, Spurrell, Welch & Brownell, 1997; Wardle et al., 1992; Wardle, 1987), the trial was restricted to females only.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tanofsky, Wilfey, Spurrell, Welch & Brownell, 1997
• Not checked yetcites Wardle et al., 1992 source
• Not checked yetcites Wardle, 1987 source

In the paper

“it seems likely that this too was brought about by the cognitive defusion component.”

In the paper

“Such frequent repetition may help make the techniques become more habitual and thus sustain them over a longer time period (Verplanken, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Verplanken, 2005

In the paper

“Comparison of quantitative questionnaire measures between intervention and control groups at baseline showed that the intervention group scored significantly higher on the binge eating scale compared to controls, 9.1 (3.5) versus 7.2 (3.9) respectively, t(60)=2.03, p<.05”

In the paper

“These weight losses are generally smaller than those typically reported for CBT programmes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nauta et al., 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites Rapoport et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“Thus the results suggest that the effect of the intervention on BMI was largely, but not wholly, brought about by reductions in binge eating.”

In the paper

“Thus the results suggest that a small proportion of the effect of the intervention on BMI may have been brought about by increases in physical activity.”

In the paper

“The target sample size was 60. There were no studies directly comparable to the present research but given attrition rates and effect sizes obtained in previous analogous investigations it was estimated this would provide an acceptable level of statistical power.”

In the paper

“There is also evidence that bouts of overeating can be triggered by particular thoughts, for example about having broken ones diet (Ogden & Wardle, 1991).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ogden & Wardle, 1991

In the paper

“Weight and physical activity changes of these magnitudes, if sustained over time, should have clinically significant health benefits (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 1998; Bucksch, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 1998
• Not checked yetcites Bucksch, 2005 source

In the paper

“This contrasts with the 20-40 hours generally employed in CBT programmes (e.g., Nauta et al., 2001; Rapoport et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nauta et al., 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites Rapoport et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“Other measures were well-matched (see Table 3).”

In the paper

“The results also suggested that an important influence on intervention efficacy was whether participants were still applying the workshop principles at 6 months.”