The human gut sterolbiome: bile acid-microbiome endocrine aspects and therapeutics
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The human body is now viewed as a complex ecosystem that on a cellular and gene level is mainly prokaryotic. The mammalian liver synthesizes and secretes hydrophilic primary bile acids, some of which enter the colon during the enterohepatic circulation, and are converted into numerous hydrophobic metabolites which are capable of entering the portal circulation, returned to the liver, and in humans, accumulating in the biliary pool. Bile acids are hormones that regulate their own synthesis, transport, in addition to glucose and lipid homeostasis, and energy balance. The gut microbial community through their capacity to produce bile acid metabolites distinct from the liver can be thought of as an "endocrine organ" with potential to alter host physiology, perhaps to their own favor. We propose the term "sterolbiome" to describe the genetic potential of the gut microbiome to produce endocrine molecules from endogenous and exogenous steroids in the mammalian gut. The affinity of secondary bile acid metabolites to host nuclear receptors is described, the potential of secondary bile acids to promote tumors, and the potential of bile acids to serve as therapeutic agents are discussed.
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Microbially derived secondary bile acids are hypothesized to be interkingdom signaling molecules due to their ability to influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota as well as host physiology.
“Microbially derived secondary bile acids are hypothesized to be interkingdom signaling molecules due to their ability to influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota as well as host physiology (407, 408).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [407]
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Bile Acids and Cancer: Direct and Environmental-Dependent Effects
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Linking Gut Microbiome and Lipid Metabolism: Moving beyond Associations
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Versatile Triad Alliance: Bile Acid, Taurine and Microbiota
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Sexual dimorphism of cardiometabolic dysfunction: Gut microbiome in the play?
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Lipid Oxidation Products in the Pathogenesis of Inflammation-related Gut Diseases
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The mouse gut microbiome revisited: From complex diversity to model ecosystems
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The Interplay of Sex Steroids, the Immune Response, and the Intestinal Microbiota
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Pb Toxicity on Gut Physiology and Microbiota
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Oncobiosis and Microbial Metabolite Signaling in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
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The Microbiome in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Evidence and Potential Concepts
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Bile acid homeostasis paradigm and its connotation with cholestatic liver diseases
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Host miRNA-21 promotes liver dysfunction by targeting small intestinal Lactobacillus in mice
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Identification and Characterization of Major Bile Acid 7α-Dehydroxylating Bacteria in the Human Gut
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New Insights into Bile Acids Related Signaling Pathways in the Onset of Colorectal Cancer
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Bile acid metabolism regulatory network orchestrates bone homeostasis
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Effects of High-Fat Diet During Childhood on Precocious Puberty and Gut Microbiota in Mice
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Bile Acid Detection Techniques and Bile Acid-Related Diseases
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Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids in Cholestatic Liver Disease
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The role of gastric microecological dysbiosis in gastric carcinogenesis
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- Authors
- Ridlon, J. M., & Bajaj, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bajaj, Jasmohan S.
- Venue
- Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 99-105
- ISSN
- 2211-3835 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4629220
- OpenAlex
- W2085847834
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK087913)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Keywords
- bile acids, gut microbiota, enterohepatic circulation, nuclear receptors, tumor promotion, glucose and lipid homeostasis, energy balance
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