Bile acids and the gut microbiome
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We examine the latest research on the emerging bile acid-gut microbiome axis and its role in health and disease. Our focus revolves around two key microbial pathways for degrading bile salts, and the impact of bile acid composition in the gut on the gut microbiome and host physiology. RECENT FINDINGS: Bile acid pool size has recently been shown to be a function of microbial metabolism of bile acids in the intestines. Recent studies have shown potential mechanisms explaining how perturbations in the microbiome affect bile acid pool size and composition. Bile acids are emerging as regulators of the gut microbiome at the highest taxonomic levels. The role of bile acids as hormones and potentiators of liver cancer is also emerging. SUMMARY: The host and microbiome appear to regulate bile acid pool size. The host produces a large, conjugated hydrophilic bile acid pool, maintained through positive-feedback antagonism of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in intestine and liver. Members of the microbiome utilize bile acids and their conjugates resulting in agonism of FXR in intestine and liver resulting in a smaller, unconjugated hydrophobic bile acid pool. Hydrophilicity of the bile acid pool is associated with disease states. Reduced bile acid levels in the gut are associated with bacterial overgrowth and inflammation. Diet, antibiotic therapy, and disease states affect the balance of the microbiome-bile acid pool.
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Microbial mediators of altered intestinal secretion include metabolites from breakdown of dietary polysaccharides and bile acids.
“Microbial mediators of altered intestinal secretion96 include metabolites from breakdown of dietary polysaccharides as well as bile acids (Table 1).”
From The gut Microbiome in adult and pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [96]
Microbially-mediated effects on intestinal secretion in IBS may result from differential bile acid biotransformation by the gut microbiome.
“Microbially-mediated effects on intestinal secretion in IBS may be a consequence of differential bile acid biotransformation by the gut microbiome96.”
From The gut Microbiome in adult and pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Ridlon, J. M., Kang, D. J., Hylemon, P. B., & Bajaj, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bajaj, Jasmohan S.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 332-338
- ISSN
- 0267-1379 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4215539
- OpenAlex
- W2049506766
- Cited by
- 1,329
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 5.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 BX001328)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA020203)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK087913)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- bile acids, gut microbiota, bile acid pool size, farnesoid X receptor, bile acid conjugates, liver cancer, bacterial overgrowth, intestinal inflammation, diet, antibiotic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Bile Acids and Salts, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Liver Neoplasms, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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