The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of psychological stress on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in healthy young adults
Abstract
Objective Saliva sampling has the advantage that it is non-invasive, making multiple sampling easy and stress free. We examined the effects of psychological stressor and soother on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in young adults, and compared the characteristics of these parameters.Design The subjects completed the trait version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess the predisposition to personal anxiety. The video of corneal transplant surgery was served as the stressor for 15 min. A scenic beauty video viewing was also used as the soother. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected every 3 min throughout the session.Results The amylase level was significantly increased just after the beginning of the stressful video viewing, and immediately returned to the pre-stress level just after the end of the video viewing. The cortisol level was also increased, but to a lesser extent compared with that of amylase. The latency time to the peak level for cortisol was longer than that of amylase. The carry-over effect was not observed in the amylase response but was in cortisol. Although the correlation between the amylase level and the STAI score was highly significant, cortisol level did not. In addition, soothing video viewing significantly decreased the amylase level, but did not affect the cortisol level.Conclusion Salivary amylase level was more significantly increased and reacted more rapidly than cortisol by psychological stressor, suggesting that it is a better index of stress. Furthermore, it is suggested that the enzyme is a soothing or relaxation index.
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“sAA is a convenient marker and is easily collected and measured in saliva [36, 42–44]; it is recognized as both a soothing/relaxation index [45] and a stress response marker [36].”
From Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Blood Pressure and Stress Indices in Healthy Individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“However, when there is no parallel activation of cortisol, increased sAA activity may also indicate that the enzyme is a soothing or relaxation index [45].”
From Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Blood Pressure and Stress Indices in Healthy Individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Furthermore, it is suggested that the level of this enzyme could be considered as an index of soothing effect or relaxation in humans as sAA levels are significantly decreased by soothing/pleasant video viewing [137].”
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“Researchers have consistently reported increases in salivary A-A in response to laboratory stress procedures (Takai et al., 2004; Nater et al., 2005).”
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“…coefficient (r); Positive correlation between the amylase level and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (personal anxiety test) score (r = 0.535; p < 0.01) Takai et al., 2004 100 subjects (50 chronic stressed + 50 healthy) Over 18 years Subjects were asked to fill a psychometric…”
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“Moreover, salivary amylase level was observed to react more rapidly than cortisol during psychological stress, which could be a better indicator of stress [38].”
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“Most of the studies measuring sympathetic stimulation through sAA activation [4, 8, 22, 38-40] disregard this parameter.”
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“Amylase, however, reacts more rapidly to a psychological stressor compared to cortisol with no carry-over effect (Takai et al., 2004).”
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“acute stress: It seems that sAA responds to stress quicker than sC.(9,99) Additionally, if the concentrations of proteins, such as sAA or sIgA, are to be calculated, the following formula must be used: [protein secretion (U/min) 1⁄4 protein concentration (U/ml) x SFR (ml/min)], with SFR (ml/min) being the sole determi…”
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“(2004) [81] in watching stressful and soothing videos or by Naumova et al.”
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“Future work can also include impact analyses of legislation (Kovacs Burns & Gordon, 2009) and research which examines the biopsychosocial consequences of anti-LGBTQ + policy using approaches such as cortisol samples (Elzinga et al., 2008; Takai et al., 2004) and telomere length (Epel et al.”
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The Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits
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“In addition to self-report measures of anxiety, we examined physiological measures of stress, including cortisol, alpha-amylase, and C-reactive protein, all of which have been implicated in increased levels of physiological stress, which are ostensibly negatively associated with unemotional traits (e.g., Owen, Poulton…”
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Salivary Cortisol, Salivary Alpha Amylase, and the Dental Anxiety Scale
Sadi, H., Finkelman, M., & ROSENBERG, M. B. (2013) · Anesthesia Progress · doi:10.2344/0003-3006-60.2.46 · Cited by 63
“It was demonstrated in the past that salivary cortisol increases in response to stress and anxiety, and that it also presents an easy, noninvasive way of measuring stress.(20) Cortisol levels in the saliva have been shown to be higher in patients with oral lichen planus.”
BackgroundOral bio-interfaces: Properties and functional roles of salivary multilayer in food oral processing
Mu, R., & Chen, J. (2023) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.003 · Cited by 61
Diurnal alpha amylase patterns in adolescents: Associations with puberty and momentary mood states
Adam, E. K., Hoyt, L. T., & Granger, D. A. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.07.007 · Cited by 65
“Although sAA levels both increase and recover in response to stress more quickly than cortisol (Granger, et al., 2007; Takai et al., 2004), naturally occurring mood states are likely to be less transient than experimentally manipulated mood states, and should therefore still be reflected in sAA levels in the 20-minute…”
BackgroundPerroni, F., Tessitore, A., Cibelli, G., Lupo, C., D'Artibale, E., Cortis, C., Cignitti, L., Rosas, M. D., & Capranica, L. (2009) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130802707873 · Cited by 56
Monteleone, P., Scognamiglio, P., Canestrelli, B., Serino, I., Monteleone, A. M., & Maj, M. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000092 · Cited by 67
“This is consistent with the reported faster reactivity of the autonomic nervous system relative to the HPA axis (Takai et al. 2004).”
ResultPapakonstantinou, E., Kechribari, I., Sotirakoglou, Κ., Tarantilis, P., Gourdomichali, T., Michas, G., Kravvariti, V., Voumvourakis, K., & Zampelas, A. (2015) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0146-0 · Cited by 59
“05 were considered as significant (1)Score of the Zung self-reported anxiety scale questionnaire (20–80) (Reference [45]) (2)P describes differences between coffee types at a specific time point (3)P describes differences between time points for every coffee type Papakonstantinou et al.”
BackgroundMatos-Gomes, N., Katsurayama, M., Makimoto, F. H., Santana, L. L. O., Paredes-Garcia, E., Becker, M. A. D., & Dos‐Santos, M. C. (2010) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000292064 · Cited by 59
Wagner, J., Cik, M., Marth, E., Santner, B., Gallasch, E., Lackner, A., & Raggam, R. (2010) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.08.004 · Cited by 66
Pilvenyte, G., Ratautaitė, V., Bogužaitė, R., Samukaitė-Bubnienė, U., Plaušinaitis, D., Ramanavičienė, A., Bechelany, M., & Ramanavičius, A. (2023) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115343 · Cited by 57
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Related to Cortisol Stress Reactivity in 11-Year-Old Children
Lester, B. M., LaGasse, L. L., Shankaran, S., Bada, H. S., Bauer, C. R., Lin, R., Das, A., & Higgins, R. D. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.039 · Cited by 56
“We also collected information on steroid medications, [38] time of last meal or beverage including dairy or caffeine [39] and vigorous physical exercise.”
Ko, C. M., Grace, F., Chavez, G. N., Grimley, S. J., Dalrymple, E. R., & Olson, L. E. (2018) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1431913 · Cited by 56
O’Leary, M. M., Taylor, J. E., & Eckel, L. A. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.009 · Cited by 53
“Participants were asked to abstain from exercise, smoking, eating, and consuming caffeinated beverages or alcohol for 2 h prior to the second testing session as these variables can impact cortisol production (Stroud et al., 2002; Takai et al., 2004).”
Nislin, M. A., Sajaniemi, N. K., Sims, M., Suhonen, E., Maldonado, E., Hirvonen, A., & Hyttinen, S. (2015) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2015.1087127 · Cited by 81
“sAA increases during stress and is significantly and directly associated with changes in emotional states (Takai et al. 2004).”
BackgroundSaliva – a new opportunity for fluid biopsy
Huang, Z., Yang, X., Huang, Y., Tang, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, H., Huang, M., Qing, L., Li, L., Wang, Q. L., et al. (2022) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2022-0793 · Cited by 54
Pandit, P., Crewther, B. T., Cook, C. J., Punyadeera, C., & Pandey, A. K. (2024) · Materials Advances · doi:10.1039/d3ma00937h · Cited by 60
Man, I. S. C., Shao, R., Hou, W. K., Li, S. X., Liu, F. Y., Lee, M., Wing, Y. K., Yau, S., & Lee, T. M. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101050 · Cited by 56
Sugimoto, K., 金井, あ., & Shoji, N. (2009) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/1751-0759-3-5 · Cited by 51
“This rate is consistent with that reported in previous studies [2022,24,33,44].”
BackgroundResultThoma, M. V., Joksimovic, L., Kirschbaum, C., Wolf, J. M., & Rohleder, N. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.013 · Cited by 64
“healthy participants (Noto et al., 2005; Takai et al., 2004).”
Intimacy in Phone Conversations: Anxiety Reduction for Danish Seniors with Hugvie
Yamazaki, R., Christensen, L. R. L., Skov, K., Chang, C.-C., Damholdt, M. F., Sumioka, H., Nishio, S., & Ishiguro, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00537 · Cited by 52
“From a previous study, the cortisol level was increased with a lesser extent compared with that of amylase after participants were exposed to a stressful video (Takai et al., 2004).”
ResultThe impact of short-term adventure-based outdoor programs on college students’ stress reduction
CHANG, Y. S., Davidson, C., Conklin, S., & Ewert, A. (2018) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2018.1507831 · Cited by 56
“Numerous studies have shown that salivary cortisol is correlated with human body’s stress level (Kirschbaum & Hellhammer, 1994; Takai et al., 2004).”
BackgroundFisher, A. J., Granger, D. A., & Newman, M. G. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.12.007 · Cited by 58
The effects measurement of hand massage by the autonomic activity and psychological indicators
Kunikata, H., Watanabe, K., Miyoshi, M., & Tanioka, T. (2012) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.59.206 · Cited by 49
Salivary gland dysfunction markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Aitken-Saavedra, J., Alcayaga, G. R., Maturana-Ramírez, A., Escobar-Alvarez, A., Cortés-Coloma, A., Rojas, M. R., -Sapiain, V. V., Villablanca-Martinez, C., & Morales‐Bozo, I. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry · doi:10.4317/jced.52329 · Cited by 55
Early skin-to-skin contact after cesarean section: A randomized clinical pilot study
Kollmann, M., Aldrian, L., Scheuchenegger, A., Mautner, E., Herzog, S. A., Urlesberger, B., Raggam, R. B., Lang, U., Obermayer-Pietsch, B. M., & Klaritsch, P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168783 · Cited by 50
Stress affects salivary alpha-Amylase activity in bonobos
Behringer, V., Deschner, T., Möstl, E., Selzer, D., & Hohmann, G. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.09.005 · Cited by 47
“This disparity might be partly due to the high inter-individual variation in sAA values [14,60].”
BackgroundThe effect of academic stress and attachment stress on stress-eaters and stress-undereaters
Emond, M. H., Eycke, K. T., Kosmerly, S., Robinson, A. L., Stillar, A., & Blyderveen, S. V. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.035 · Cited by 48
Bellagambi, F. G., Degano, I., Ghimenti, S., Lomonaco, T., Dini, V., Romanelli, M., Mastorci, F., Gemignani, A., Salvo, P., Fuoco, R., et al. (2017) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.033 · Cited by 48
A Deep Learning-based Stress Detection Algorithm with Speech Signal
Han, H.-W., Byun, K., & Kang, H.-G. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3264869.3264875 · Cited by 51
“Several studies have shown that cortisol secretion increases when stress is applied [16, 17].”
BackgroundShelburne, S. A., Keith, D. B., Davenport, M. T., Horstmann, N., Brennan, R. G., & Musser, J. M. (2008) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06290.x · Cited by 52
“When indicated, purified human salivary amylase (Sigma) was added to CDM at physiologic concentration (200 U ml-1; Soderling et al., 1993; Takai et al., 2004).”
MethodMental Health Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Literature Review
Tucker, Z., & O'Malley, C. B. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.29199 · Cited by 52
“The HPA axis increases cortisol secretion to the adrenal cortex, which ultimately leads to increased anxiety [12].”
BackgroundMcKay, K. A. C., Buen, J. E., Bohan, K. J., & Maye, J. P. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 47
Metadata
- Authors
- Takai, N., Yamaguchi, M., Aragaki, T., Eto, K., Uchihashi, K., & Nishikawa, Y.
- Affiliations
- Osaka Dental University (JP)
- University of Toyama (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Takai, Noriyasu
- ORCID
- Yamaguchi, Masaki
- Venue
- Archives of Oral Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 963-968
- ISSN
- 0003-9969 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2108805072
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Oral Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- psychological stress, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, stress biomarkers, trait anxiety, residual effects, relaxation, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amylases, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Psychological Tests, Relaxation, Saliva, Salivary Proteins and Peptides, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors
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