The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of psychological stress on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in healthy young adults
Abstract
Objective Saliva sampling has the advantage that it is non-invasive, making multiple sampling easy and stress free. We examined the effects of psychological stressor and soother on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in young adults, and compared the characteristics of these parameters.Design The subjects completed the trait version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess the predisposition to personal anxiety. The video of corneal transplant surgery was served as the stressor for 15 min. A scenic beauty video viewing was also used as the soother. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected every 3 min throughout the session.Results The amylase level was significantly increased just after the beginning of the stressful video viewing, and immediately returned to the pre-stress level just after the end of the video viewing. The cortisol level was also increased, but to a lesser extent compared with that of amylase. The latency time to the peak level for cortisol was longer than that of amylase. The carry-over effect was not observed in the amylase response but was in cortisol. Although the correlation between the amylase level and the STAI score was highly significant, cortisol level did not. In addition, soothing video viewing significantly decreased the amylase level, but did not affect the cortisol level.Conclusion Salivary amylase level was more significantly increased and reacted more rapidly than cortisol by psychological stressor, suggesting that it is a better index of stress. Furthermore, it is suggested that the enzyme is a soothing or relaxation index.
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“sAA is a convenient marker and is easily collected and measured in saliva [36, 42–44]; it is recognized as both a soothing/relaxation index [45] and a stress response marker [36].”
From Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Blood Pressure and Stress Indices in Healthy Individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“However, when there is no parallel activation of cortisol, increased sAA activity may also indicate that the enzyme is a soothing or relaxation index [45].”
From Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Blood Pressure and Stress Indices in Healthy Individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
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“A previous study has found that this kind of stressful video activates the SAM system [19].”
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“A previous report demonstrated that salivary amylase activity increased when subjects viewed a stressful video, but normalized immediately following the end of viewing (33).”
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“Further, assessment tools using biomarkers such as saliva and blood, have also been studied [6-8]; however, these tools have drawbacks concerning cost and patient burden.”
Gender composition mediates social facilitation effect in co-action condition
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BackgroundMethodContinuous Monitoring of Psychosocial Stress by Non-Invasive Volatilomics
Mansour, E., Saliba, W., Broza, Y. Y., Frankfurt, O., Zuri, L., Ginat, K., Palzur, E., Shamir, A., & Haick, H. (2023) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.3c00945 · Cited by 18
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“Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.”
MethodPreparation of Disposable Saliva α-Amylase Biosensor
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“Levels of sAA have been reported to be highly correlated with results on the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)—which is an assessment tool for state anxiety and trait anxiety—after acute stress load and is thought to be a better index of stress.(35) In the present study, however, the change in sAA level before and…”
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“Salivary cortisol levels, a known biological correlate of psychological stress [35-37], were monitored throughout the simulations.”
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Hendry, E., McCallister, B., Elman, D. J., Freeman, R. L., Borsook, D., & Elman, I. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105566 · Cited by 18
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Salivary alpha-amylase as a stress biomarker in diseased dogs
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“Therefore, it responds with greater speed and sensitivity than cortisol [5].”
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Shibata, M., Kawai, M., Matsukura, T., Heike, T., Okanoya, K., & Myowa‐Yamakoshi, M. (2013) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.03.006 · Cited by 16
“levels in the plasma [15], and some studies identified both sCgA and sAA as potential biomarkers for evaluating the activity of the SAM system following psychological and physical stress [16–18].”
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Varoni, E. M., Federighi, V., Decani, S., Carrassi, A., Lodi, G., & Sardella, A. (2016) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.001 · Cited by 16
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“vious research has shown that anxiety levels and salivary amylase content are positively correlated.(36) The results of our study revealed that the salivary amylase”
BackgroundThe Markers of Stress in Swine Oral Fluid
Giergiel, M., Olejnik, M., Jabłoński, A., & Posyniak, A. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2478/jvetres-2021-0065 · Cited by 13
“Similar results were noted in humans (32).”
Protein Signature in Saliva of Temporomandibular Disorders Myalgia
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“There is also evidence that sAA concentrations are predictive of plasma catecholamine levels [35] and furthermore can be used as a valid indicator for measuring stress [33,36,37].”
BackgroundSalivary α-Amylase Reactivity to Laboratory Social Stress With and Without Acute Sleep Restriction
O’Leary, É. D., Howard, S., Hughes, B. M., & James, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000134 · Cited by 18
Abnormal postural behavior in patients with functional movement disorders during exposure to stress
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“Lushene, and consists of 40 questions related to the subject’s introspection about his feelings of discomfort, worry, tension and stress (Takai et al., 2004).”
BackgroundPsychological and hormonal stress response patterns during a blood donation
Hoogerwerf, M. D., Veldhuizen, I. J. T., Merz, E., de Kort, W. L. A. M., Frings‐Dresen, M. H. W., & Sluiter, J. K. (2017) · Vox Sanguinis · doi:10.1111/vox.12556 · Cited by 14
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“After this time, a saliva sample was obtained for the examination of α-amylase and cortisol [61,64], and the participant’s mood state was evaluated by the PANAS questionnaire [65,72].”
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“Salivary cortisol is highly correlated with serum cortisol levels [44].”
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“…amylase, salivary alpha-amylase) of catecholamines have also been developed and used in many studies regarding physiological stress (Chatterton et al. 1996, 1997; Kirschbaum et al. 1993; Li and Gleeson 2004; Nater et al. 2005, 2006; Rohleder et al. 2004; Takai et al. 2004; Walsh et al. 1999).”
MethodMiller, G., Iverson, K., Kemmelmeier, M., Maclane, C., Pistorello, J., Fruzzetti, A., Crenshaw, K. Y., Erikson, K. M., Katrichak, B. M., Oser, M., et al. (2010) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0019118 · Cited by 19
“Salivary alpha-amylase (AA), an enzyme produced in the oral mucosa, serves as a reliable marker for sympathetic nervous system activation during stress, similar to increases in plasma catecholamines (Chatterton, Vogelson, & Hudgens, 1997; Granger, Kivlighan, El-Sheikh, Gordis, & Stroud, 2007; Nater et al., 2005; Takai…”
BackgroundNeuroscience meets salivary bioscience: An integrative perspective.
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Koschel, T. L., Young, J. C., & Navalta, J. W. (2017) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/vlvy9105 · Cited by 14
“Within this population, increases in PA have also been linked to increases in mental health inclusive of reduced state and trait anxiety, depression and perceived stress (30).”
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“Based on this finding, a unique tool for diagnosing mental condition has been already commercialized [ 3 ].”
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Salivary α-Amylase Reactivity to Infant Crying in Maltreating Mothers
Reijman, S., Alink, L. R. A., Block, L. C.-D., Werner, C. D., Maras, A., Rijnberk, C., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2014) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0499-6 · Cited by 15
“and other sympathetic measures [20, 21], see [17] for an overview].”
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“Furthermore, saliva amylase activity was reportedly increased by unpleasant stimulation (Takai et al. 2004).”
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Doane, L. D., & Lenten, S. A. V. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.007 · Cited by 12
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“While the activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenocortical system (HPA) induces a substantial increase in cortisol levels and can be detected and measured in saliva, the sympathetic nervous system induces the release of alpha-amylase from salivary glands [17,18].”
BackgroundHigher levels of salivary α-amylase predict failure of cessation efforts in male smokers
Dušková, M., Šimůnková, K., Hill, M., Hruškovičová, H., Hoskovcová, P., Králíková, E., & Stárka, L. (2010) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.931889 · Cited by 12
Distinguish self- and hetero-perceived stress through behavioral imaging and physiological features
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“…Finally, even if we adopted a multimodal perspective and monitored 101 features, we did not address important behavioral features of stress convey through speech (Zhou et al. 2001), or physiological ones convey through hormonal pathways (Gordis et al. 2006; Nater et al. 2005; Takai et al. 2004).”
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Listening to Sutra-Chanting Reduces Bereavement Stress in Japan
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“Takai et al. (2004) showed that even stressful videos quickly raised sAA, while Nater et al. (2005) corroborated that sAA levels increased after psychological stress.”
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The calming effect of roasted coffee aroma in patients undergoing dental procedures
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Effect of Coriander Plants on Human Emotions, Brain Electrophysiology, and Salivary Secretion
Zhang, W., Li, Z., Wang, L., Liu, H., & Liu, H. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10121283 · Cited by 12
“Free cortisol in saliva reflects HPA activity, while salivary alpha-amylase reflects SAM activity [44].”
BackgroundSalivary alpha amylase levels in youths with anxiety disorders.
Yorbik, O., Mutlu, C., Ozturk, O., Altinay, D. K., Tanju, I., & Kurt, Í. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.021 · Cited by 13
“High correlation between state anxiety and sAA was found (Takai et al., 2004; Noto et al., 2005; Takai et al. 2004) also found that sAA level was more significantly increased and reacted more rapidly than cortisol by psychological stressor and also detected that soothing video viewing significantly…”
Stress biomarkers in the tear film
Banbury, L. K. (2009) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 11
International Journal of Neurorehabilitation
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Association Between Dental Caries Prevalence and Stress Levels in Japanese Children
Nakano, R., Ohshima, T., Mukai, Y., Tsurumoto, A., & Maeda, N. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.31074 · Cited by 14
“Several stress-related substances in saliva, which can be biochemically measured, are currently recognized as stress markers [22].”
BackgroundIncreasing levels of saliva alpha amylase in electrohypersensitive (EHS) patients
Andrianome, S., Hugueville, L., de Sèze, R., & Selmaoui, B. (2017) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553002.2017.1325971 · Cited by 11
“2008), meaning that the HPA axis is relatively slower to respond while sAA levels are characterized by a rapid increase after a stress action, followed by a rapid decrease to normal levels after the cessation of the stressor (Speirs et al. 1974; Takai et al. 2004).”
BackgroundSensing and Changing Human Behavior for Workplace Wellness
Arakawa, Y. (2019) · Journal of Information Processing · doi:10.2197/ipsjjip.27.614 · Cited by 13
“Stress can also be quantitatively assessed by measurement of salivary cortisol and amylase levels [6] or the low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio obtained from a heart rate, but paper-based questionnaires are widely used because they are scalable and cheap.”
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Salivary Alpha-Amylase in Experimentally-Induced Muscle Pain
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“Total scores range from 20 to 80, with the higher scores representing a correlation with greater anxiety [16].”
BackgroundEvaluation of the Acute Sedative Effect of Fragrances Based on a Biochemical Marker
Yamaguchi, M., Hanawa, N., Hamazaki, K., Sato, K., & Nakano, K. (2007) · Journal of Essential Oil Research · doi:10.1080/10412905.2007.9699956 · Cited by 11
“The authors have been investigating an evaluation method based on a biochemical marker, salivary amylase activity (23,27).”
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“As painful stimuli activate the SAM system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, pain-associated stress is related to salivary alpha-amylase levels [2, 29, 30].”
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“Takai et al. (2004) also found no significant relationship between STAI and salivary cortisol.”
InfluentialCapillary breakup extensional properties of whole human saliva
Turcanu, M., Tascon, L. F., Bălan, C., & Gallegos, C. (2015) · International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1109/atee.2015.7133778 · Cited by 10
“The necessary amount of alpha-amylase powder was diluted in water in order to obtain the desired activity of 125 U/ml, previously reported as average activity of human saliva in healthy individuals [6].”
BackgroundResultThe Assessment of the Autonomic Response to Acute Stress Using Electrodermal Activity
M., M., Z., V., & I., T. (2014) · Acta Medica Martiniana · doi:10.2478/acm-2014-0006 · Cited by 1
“shorter latency than salivary cortisol (6).”
Salivary alpha‐amylase and hormones levels of young adults with different body composition
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Design and Fabrication of Polysilicon-based Piezoresistive Microcantilever For Biological Sensing
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Cell phenotyping in saliva of individuals under psychological stress
Dos‐Santos, M. C., Matos-Gomes, N., Makimoto, F. H., Katsurayama, M., Santana, L. L. O., Becker, M. A. D., Paredes-Garcia, E., & Bertho, Á. L. (2009) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.08.002 · Cited by 10
“These include salivary amylase [19,20], monoamine oxidase A and B [21], protein similar to chromogranin A [22], cortisol [23–28] and immunoglobulins, particularly secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) [29–35].”
Karibe, H., Aoyagi, K., Koda, A., & Kawakami, T. (2010) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1358 · Cited by 10
Zarabadi, A. S., Huang, T., & Mielke, J. G. (2017) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.032 · Cited by 10
Heckmann, J., Eitner, S., Wichmann, M., Schultze- Mosgau, S., Schlegel, A., Leher, A., Heckmann, S., & Holst, S. (2006) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207140600856897 · Cited by 20
“In order to keep the iatronic stress level by noninvasive measuring methods of stress as low as possible, methods of assessing salivary amylase levels ( Takai et al, 2004 ) and urinary cortisol levels ( Brand, 1999b ) should be considered as an alternative.”
MethodIslamic praying changes stress-related hormones and genes
Sobhani, V., Manshadi, E. M., Aghajani, J., & Hatef, B. (2022) · Journal of Medicine and Life · doi:10.25122/jml-2021-0167 · Cited by 15
“researchers have tried to understand the biological mediation mechanisms of mental improvement in well-being, including changes in physiology, neurology, immunity, and genomics [18].”
BackgroundGriffioen, R. E., Boxtel, G. J. M. V., Verheggen, T., Enders‐Slegers, M., & van der Steen, S. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10071200 · Cited by 9
“The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenocortical axis (HPA) is involved in activating the stress response and plays an important role in physiological coping [33,34].”
BackgroundCastillo-Navarrete, J.-L., Guzmán-Castillo, A., & Bustos, C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315650 · Cited by 12
Suresh, L. R., & Shetty, V. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06702-x · Cited by 9
“Stressful situations and noxious stimuli in individuals invoke a variety of physiological responses, one among which is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) response (Takai et al., 2004).”
Pérez-Valdecantos, D., Caballero-García, A., del Castillo-Sanz, T., Bello, H. J., Roche, E., Roche, A., & Córdova, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179277 · Cited by 11
“Meanwhile the release of cortisol occurs 25 to 30 min after stimulus appearance [9].”
BackgroundStress Evaluation by Hemoglobin Concentration Change Using Mobile NIRS
Takahashi, S., Sakurai, N., Kasai, S., & Kodama, N. (2022) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci12040488 · Cited by 7
“Salivary alpha-amylase has been shown to respond more quickly to stress [20] and has been reported to be useful for stress assessment because it correlates with autonomic function (low frequency–high frequency) [21].”
BackgroundBiosignal-based relaxation evaluation of head-care robot
Ando, T., Takeda, M., Maruyama, T., Susuki, Y., Hirose, T., Fujioka, S., Mizuno, O., Yamada, K., Ohno, Y., & Honda, Y. (2013) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6611101 · Cited by 9
Does TeamSTEPPS affect psychological status?
Fukushima, Y., Yamada, A., Imoto, N., & Iba, T. (2019) · International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance · doi:10.1108/ijhcqa-08-2017-0156 · Cited by 9
“Salivary amylase level changes in a short period (Takai et al., 2004); thus, we should measure this parameter more often throughout the simulation.”
BackgroundZapata, I., Farrell, J., Morrell, S., Ryznar, R. J., Hoang, T. N., & LaPorta, A. J. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100031 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, their non-invasive collection method [37] and accurate representation of stress [1,7,12] make them a reliable overview of the stress response.”
BackgroundBiałka, S., Copik, M. M., Ubych, A., Marciniak, R., Smereka, J., Szarpak, Ł., & Misiołek, H. (2021) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-021-02696-z · Cited by 9
“Its activity increases under psychological stressors [11].”
Effect of snack eating on salivary α‐amylase, a novel stress marker
Toda, M., & Morimoto, K. (2007) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1143 · Cited by 9
Effect of Aromatherapy Massage on Elderly Patients Under Long-Term Hospitalization in Japan
Satou, T., Chikama, M., Chikama, Y., Hachigo, M., Urayama, H., Murakami, S., Hayashi, S., & Koikem, K. (2012) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0877 · Cited by 9
Gallasch, E., Raggam, R., Cik, M., Rabensteiner, J., Lackner, A., Piber, B., & Marth, E. (2016) · Noise and Health · doi:10.4103/1463-1741.189243 · Cited by 10
Tutunji, R., Kogias, N., Kapteijns, B., Krentz, M., Krause, F., Vassena, E., & Hermans, E. J. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450360 · Cited by 9
Moreno‐Fernández, R. D., García-León, D., Rodríguez, G. P., Martín-Romero, R., Buades-Sitjar, F., & Sampedro‐Piquero, P. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100564 · Cited by 9
“Concerning the time course of these hormones, in the case of sAA, the levels of this hormone usually show an immediate increase with the presentation of a stressor (1-5 minutes) (Takai et al., 2004), peaking around 10 min (Granger et al.”
Bussolan, A., Baraldo, S., Gambardella, L. M., & Valente, A. (2024) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man60168.2024.10731373 · Cited by 8
“The STAI-Y1 consists of 20 questions that measure the subjective feeling of apprehension and worry and it is often used as a stress measurement, confirmed also by a significant correlation with stress hormones in [26].”
MethodAutonomic Nerve Responses in a Psychological Stress Task and Subsequent Slow Breathing
Kai, S., & Koga, M. (2012) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.24.257 · Cited by 8
Stress response to virtual reality based active shooter training: Impact of caffeine consumption
McAllister, M. J., Martaindale, M. H., Dillard, C. C., & Gonzalez, D. E. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106923 · Cited by 8
Examining surgeon stress in robotic and laparoscopic surgery
Sujka, J., Ahmed, A., Kang, R. W., Grimsley, E. A., Weche, M., Janjua, H., Mi, Z., English, D., Martinez, C., Velanovich, V., et al. (2024) · Journal of Robotic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11701-024-01834-9 · Cited by 8
“Salivary amylase has been utilized in other fields to measure physiologic stress as a proxy for autonomic nervous system response but has not been used to measure stress during surgical cases [12, 21].”
Relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and stress in saliva and salivary glands
Saruta, J., To, M., Hayashi, T., Kawashima, R., Shimizu, T., Kamata, Y., Kato, M., Takeuchi, M., & Tsukinoki, K. (2014) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Medicine and Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajoms.2013.12.013 · Cited by 6
Utility of salivary biomarker for stress induced by dental treatment
Ohura, K., Nozaki, T., Shinohara, M., Daito, K., Sonomoto, M., & Daito, M. (2011) · Japanese Dental Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2011.06.001 · Cited by 8
“Stress-related substances contained in saliva include chromogranin A (CgA), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and salivary amylase, in addition to catecholamine and cortisol [19—27].”
BackgroundSalivary alpha-amylase activity—An indicator of relaxation response in perioperative patients
Minowa, C., & Koitabashi, K. (2012) · Open Journal of Nursing · doi:10.4236/ojn.2012.23032 · Cited by 10
“[17] also showed decreased sAA associated with STAI after viewing soothing video.”
Sabrina, M. N. N., Tamrin, S. B. M., Kulanthayan, S. M., Shuhada, S. N., Nurzuhairiza, Z., Siong, N. G., Fitriyah, M. A. N., & Pramudya, A. G. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 8
Healthcare System Focusing on Emotional Aspect using Augmented Reality
Tivatansakul, S., & Ohkura, M. (2014) · Transactions of Japan Society of Kansei Engineering · doi:10.5057/jjske.13.191 · Cited by 8
Kaneko, S., Liu, L., Kakamu, T., Minami‐Hori, M., & Morita, E. (2017) · The Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1346-8138.13852 · Cited by 8
LaGoy, A. D., Sinnott, A. M., Ambarian, M., Pepping, G., Simpson, R. J., Agha, N. H., Bower, J. L., Alfano, C. A., & Connaboy, C. (2020) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.034 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Takai, N., Yamaguchi, M., Aragaki, T., Eto, K., Uchihashi, K., & Nishikawa, Y.
- Affiliations
- Osaka Dental University (JP)
- University of Toyama (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Takai, Noriyasu
- ORCID
- Yamaguchi, Masaki
- Venue
- Archives of Oral Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 963-968
- ISSN
- 0003-9969 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2108805072
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Oral Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- psychological stress, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, stress biomarkers, trait anxiety, residual effects, relaxation, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amylases, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Psychological Tests, Relaxation, Saliva, Salivary Proteins and Peptides, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors
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