The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of psychological stress on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in healthy young adults
Abstract
Objective Saliva sampling has the advantage that it is non-invasive, making multiple sampling easy and stress free. We examined the effects of psychological stressor and soother on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in young adults, and compared the characteristics of these parameters.Design The subjects completed the trait version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess the predisposition to personal anxiety. The video of corneal transplant surgery was served as the stressor for 15 min. A scenic beauty video viewing was also used as the soother. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected every 3 min throughout the session.Results The amylase level was significantly increased just after the beginning of the stressful video viewing, and immediately returned to the pre-stress level just after the end of the video viewing. The cortisol level was also increased, but to a lesser extent compared with that of amylase. The latency time to the peak level for cortisol was longer than that of amylase. The carry-over effect was not observed in the amylase response but was in cortisol. Although the correlation between the amylase level and the STAI score was highly significant, cortisol level did not. In addition, soothing video viewing significantly decreased the amylase level, but did not affect the cortisol level.Conclusion Salivary amylase level was more significantly increased and reacted more rapidly than cortisol by psychological stressor, suggesting that it is a better index of stress. Furthermore, it is suggested that the enzyme is a soothing or relaxation index.
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“sAA is a convenient marker and is easily collected and measured in saliva [36, 42–44]; it is recognized as both a soothing/relaxation index [45] and a stress response marker [36].”
From Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Blood Pressure and Stress Indices in Healthy Individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“However, when there is no parallel activation of cortisol, increased sAA activity may also indicate that the enzyme is a soothing or relaxation index [45].”
From Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Blood Pressure and Stress Indices in Healthy Individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
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InfluentialInfluence of Inflammation, Gut Microbiota, and Stress on Cognition and Oral Health Therapies
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A Brief Review of Salivary Biomarkers as Stress Indicators in Sport and Exercise
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“Although this article does not focus specifically on this, it is important to recognize the role psychological stress may have on biomaker response and subsequently athlete health and performance (1,36,45,48).”
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“Second, we examined whether CES (versus placebo) might reduce the hormonal effects of an acute stress induction, such as by reducing salivary alpha amylase (as a proxy for SAM activity (Chatterton et al., 1996; Takai et al., 2004; Wetherell et al., 2006)) and/or cortisol (as a proxy for HPA activity (Axelrod & Reisine…”
BackgroundDevelopment of biological standards for the quality assurance of presumptive testing reagents
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“It is found in large amounts in saliva, 94 K to 125 K units of amylase activity/L of saliva [10,11], and has been utilized as a marker for the presence of saliva.”
MethodSalivary VIP concentrations are elevated in humans after acute stress.
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Measurement of Heart Rate Variability and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Beginner Scuba Divers
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“Cortisol levels have previously been found to increase in response to a distressing film relative to a neutral film (e.g. Nejtek, 2002; Takai et al., 2004).”
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“Despite high levels of sAA having been linked with increased psychological stress in young adults [25], short-term increases may be beneficial as digestive activity increases in response to stress increasing energy availability [15].”
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“It has been proved that the levels of this salivary enzyme are related to SAM system activity (Takai et al., 2004; Rohleder et al., 2004; van Stegren et al., 2006) as well as with the norepinephrine level in blood serum (Rohleder et al.”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Dental Anxiety Level and Patients’ Knowledge of the Procedure
Alshathri, N. (2017) · International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Health · doi:10.25141/2471-657x-2017-9.0092 · Cited by 6
A study into salivary-based measurement of human stress subjected to ellestad stress test protocol
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“The alpha amylase activity in response to stress test as shown in Fig. 2 draws similar conclusion to that in response to mental stress as in video viewing [ 2 ], driver fatigue [3], mental arithmetic [4], roller coaster ride [5] and so on. This implies physical stress evokes the same reaction as mental stress.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSalivary Amylase as a Stress Biomarker
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The stress experienced in an emergency medical service (EMS): A descriptive study
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High masticatory ability attenuates psychosocial stress: A cross-sectional study
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“There are several markers for measuring stress, including cortisol and salivary alpha‐amylase.[14,15,16]”
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“[33] and Nater et al.[26] found that there was no gender difference in sAA levels.”
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Self-citationSalivary Stress Biomarkers-Are They Predictors of Academic AssessmentExams Stress?
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“These changes are incorporated by increased consumption of oxygen and glucose in response to catecholamines released after the activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullarysystem (SAM) [9-11].”
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Measurement of Amylase in Saliva Collected by Salivette
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Cycling Wheelchair Provides Enjoyable Pedaling Exercises with Increased Physiological Indexes
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“SAA can be an easy, quick, and non-invasive measure of human psychological stress and has been used in other studies (Takai et al. 2004; van Stegeren et al. 2008).”
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Evaluation of Mental Workload for Port-Coordinator on an Individual Scale Using Salivary NO3-
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“In addition, it suggested that high stress levels are associated with increased sAA levels [8] [9] [10] [14] [25].”
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“sAA is a recognized marker of sensitivity to adrenergic stimulants [35].”
BackgroundMeasuring and Predicting Total Energy Expenditure Among Highly Active Humans in Natural Environments
Ocobock, C. J. (2014) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7mw2f4q · Cited by 4
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“However, heart rate cannot be used to distinguish between eustress and distress, markedly affected by homeostasis and the changes are not large, as compared to their normal values [4].”
BackgroundExtraction of useful features for stress detection using various biosignals doing mental arithmetic
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“heart beats, peripheral skin temperature and salivary amylase [2]–[6]), which is caused by disturbance of autonomic nervous system.”
BackgroundEvaluation of the sedative effect of fragrance on Filipinas using a biochemical marker.
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“, 1999) and psychological stressors (Bosch et al., 1996; Skosnik et al., 2000; Rohleder et al., 2004; Takai et al., 2004; Nater et al., 2005) are also able to stimulate salivary amylase.”
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“Additionally, salivary amylase has recently been used as a biomarker of physical and psychological stress in animal and human studies (Takai et al., 2004; Yamaguchi, Kanemaru, Kanemori, & Mizuno, 2003; Yamaguchi et al., 2006; Yamaguchi, Sakakima, Sato, & Nakano, 2007; Wolf, Nicholls, & Chen, 2008)…”
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“Therefore, the measurement of this salivary enzyme is considered as a useful tool for evaluating the sympathoadrenomedullary system (SAMS) [38].”
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“Salivary alpha-amylase has been widely used in psychiatric research and is increased by psychological stress [16, 17].”
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“Our design utilized both negative and neutral images, which is a commonly used procedure to investigate affective processes 50,51 .”
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“To better mimic in vivo oral conditions, all enzymes were used at concentrations found in healthy individuals, as reported in the literature: MMP8 (final 0.286 µ g/mL; [30], MMP1 (final 20 pg/mL [31], α -amylase (final 119 U/mL; [32], and lysozyme (final 0.4 µ g/mL [30].”
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No measurable impact of acute 26 GHz 5G exposure on salivary stress markers in healthy adults
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“In particular, salivary α-amylase activity (sAA) has a faster response to stress than salivary cortisol and is attracting attention as an index for detecting changes in sympathetic nerve activity (Takai N et al., 2004).”
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“Saliva sampling done during the study was nonpainful; unlike blood sampling that could induce additional stress and elicit a false rise in cortisol level (35).”
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The effectiveness of salivary chromogranin A and amylase as stress indicators in children
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Biochemical and immunological markers of the adaptive response in olfacto-odorimetric studies
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Metadata
- Authors
- Takai, N., Yamaguchi, M., Aragaki, T., Eto, K., Uchihashi, K., & Nishikawa, Y.
- Affiliations
- Osaka Dental University (JP)
- University of Toyama (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Takai, Noriyasu
- ORCID
- Yamaguchi, Masaki
- Venue
- Archives of Oral Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 963-968
- ISSN
- 0003-9969 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2108805072
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Oral Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- psychological stress, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, stress biomarkers, trait anxiety, residual effects, relaxation, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amylases, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Psychological Tests, Relaxation, Saliva, Salivary Proteins and Peptides, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors
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